What is the introduction of Changbai Mountain?

Changbai Mountain is located in the southeast of Jilin Province, between 100°10′～100°20′ east longitude and 40°10′～100°20″ north latitude. It is the boundary mountain between China and North Korea. It is the Tumen It is the source of three rivers, Yalu River and Songhua River. It is a national AAAA-level scenic spot. It is famous both at home and abroad for its beautiful scenery, endless forest sea, and rare birds and animals that inhabit it. It was listed as a United Nations International Biosphere Reserve in 1980.

< p>Changbai Mountain is a dormant volcano that has erupted several times in history. The unique landscape formed by this is magical, majestic, pristine and has infinite scenery. Everyone in the future will yearn for it, and everyone who has come will stay here. In the summer of 1983, Deng Xiaoping Comrades climbed to the top of Changbai Mountain, inscribed banners with the words "Changbai Mountain" and "Tianchi", and exclaimed: "It would be a great pity not to go to Changbai Mountain in life! ”

In the geological history of hundreds of millions of years, the Changbai Mountain area has experienced changes from the Canghai to the Mulberry Fields. At first, it was submerged by seawater. There was a vast ocean everywhere. Later, due to the rise of the earth’s crust, the seawater withdrew. The surface resurfaced, and under the influence of external forces such as sunlight, rain, and climate change, the rocks on the ground were weathered and destroyed. Finally, Changbai Mountain also experienced volcanic eruptions and glacial sculptures, forming today's landscape.

About 30 million years ago, during the Tertiary Period, the earth entered a new period of activity, known in geology as the Himalayan Orogeny. In about 25 million years, the Changbai Mountain area experienced four times. In volcanic eruptions, basaltic magma starts from the upper mantle and continues to rise along huge cracks in the earth's crust, ejecting out of the earth's surface with huge energy (geologically called fissure volcanic eruptions). The original rocks and pre-solidified rock blocks in the magma, volcanic ash, water vapor, etc. are sprayed into the air, and then fall to the surrounding or side of the crater under the action of gravity and wind, and accumulate into various volcanic landforms due to the relatively high viscosity of basalt magma. Small, the flow speed on the surface is faster and the flow distance is longer, so a broad basalt platform is formed. The bases of the main peaks of Changbai Mountain such as the Nangang Mountains, Changhong Ridge and Yingbi Mountain distributed along the northwest direction were all formed during this period. Basalt platform.

During the period from about 600,000 to 15 million years ago (mid-Quaternary to late Pleistocene), the Changbai Mountains experienced another period of crustal activity, geologically called Baitou Mountain. Period. Four volcanic eruptions occurred during this period. The eruption pattern was characterized by a central type. The underground magma surged up along the cylindrical channel formed at the intersection of deep faults, forming a volcanic cone landscape on the surface.

The ejecta formed by the first volcanic eruption about 600,000 years ago formed the floor of the Changbai Mountain volcanic cone; the second volcanic eruption occurred about 400,000-300,000 years ago, and this eruption lasted longer , the rock formations are widely distributed and thick; the third volcanic eruption occurred about 200,000 to 100,000 years ago, and finally completed the Changbai Mountain volcanic cone shape; the fourth eruption occurred about 80,000 years ago, with a small-scale volcano Mainly due to volcanic activity, lava flows covered some parts of the volcanic cone. At this point, the main peak of Changbai Mountain was formed.

In the above four volcanic activities, each time the volcanic material erupted increased the height of the volcano. More than 200 meters. At the same time, some small parasitic craters were formed around the main crater. After that, Changbai Mountain entered a relatively stable period 11,000-15,000 years ago (the Quaternary Holocene). During the period), the volcano resurrected and erupted a large amount of gray-white to light yellow pumice, with a local thickness of 60 meters. This violent volcanic eruption caused the top of the volcanic cone to collapse and form a funnel-shaped crater. When the strength and temperature of the lava gradually decrease, the magma gradually condenses in the volcanic channels and blocks the volcanic channels. After the volcanic action stops, the crater receives continuous supply from atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, and gradually accumulates water into a lake, forming a crater lake. This is the famous Changbai Mountain Tianchi.

A group of peaks stand tall around the Changbai Mountain Crater Lake, including 16 peaks over 2,500 meters high, and the other peaks are all over 2,300 meters high. The top of the mountain is almost entirely composed of volcanic ash and light yellow pumice erupted around 12,000 years ago. The peaks are steep and craggy, tall and graceful, like lotus flowers and bamboo shoots. They are very spectacular. They complement each other with the clear water of Tianchi and are so beautiful.

After the main body of Changbai Mountain was formed, the area entered an intermittent period of volcanic eruptions, and the crustal movement was relatively stable. However, in the long course of geological history (the earth was formed at least 4.6 billion years ago, and the crustal evolution in the Changbai Mountains also took place for about 3.2 billion years), the geological evolution history of the Changbai Mountains is only a short moment. The history of the Changbai Mountain volcano eruption is even shorter, but it is not dead yet, but is in a dormant state, called a dormant volcano. According to historical records, since 1597, the Changbai Mountain volcano has had three small-scale intermittent activities.

The first eruption was on August 26, 1597 (the twenty-fifth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty). According to eyewitness records, there was "the sound of cannons being fired, and when you looked up, you could see the smoke rising into the sky. It was as big as several arms of rocks. It folded out with the smoke and flew over the mountains without knowing where it went."

The second eruption was in 1668 (the seventh year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty). There was a "rain of ash" (i.e. volcanic ash) in the Changbai Mountain area.

The third eruption was on April 14, 1702 (the eleventh year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty).

According to historical records: "At noon, the sky and the earth suddenly dim, sometimes red and yellow, with smoke and flames, and the room is full of fishy stench. If it is in the oven, people cannot bear the heat. After the fourth watch, it disappears, and when you look at it, you will Rain and ash fell all over the fields, just like burning clam shells." "On the same day of the same month, a little later, smoke and clouds suddenly came from the northwest, the ground was dark, and the fishy stench hit people's clothes." According to the "Changbai Mountain Jianggang Zhilue", there is a "charcoal cliff" near Changbai Mountain. "There is a lot of charcoal at the bottom of the cliff. Hunters pick it up for cooking. The natives call it sacred charcoal because it comes from the ground. I picked up a few pieces here and burned them to roast deer breasts. They are no different from ordinary charcoal, but the two-foot-deep earth cliff can produce charcoal. The big ones can be held in two hands (encircled by the author's note), and the small ones can be held in one hand." Geologists have verified that the charcoal is the result of the high-temperature molten lava baking and burning the trees during this volcanic eruption.

The Changbai Mountain volcano is currently in a dormant period. On a mountain more than 2,000 meters above sea level, there are many hot springs constantly overflowing from the ground, which shows that there is still huge energy in the ground. According to modern seismic observations, the crust in the Changbai Mountains is relatively stable. There are currently no signs of volcanic eruption in Changbai Mountain.

Changbai Mountain has a history of language and writing that can be traced back to just over 4,000 years ago. It was recorded in my country's earliest geography work, "The Classic of Mountains and Seas". This book is said to have been written by Boyi, the son of Dayu, and records in detail the places his father, King Yu, passed when he was controlling floods.

Buxian means immortal in Mongolian. The various ethnic minorities living in the Northeast, such as Shenshen, Woju, Fuyu, Xianbei, Goguryeo, Mongolia, Khitan, etc., all have feelings about this place in the Northeast. The largest mountain is admired and deified. Many myths about the infertility of the goddess are pinned here. Therefore, this mountain is called the fairy mountain. The pre-Qin work "The Classic of Mountains and Seas", which records the scenic spots inside and outside the region, also called Changbai Mountain Buxian Mountain (i.e. the Immortal Mountain). After that, the "Biographies of Dongyi in the Later Han Dynasty" written during the Wei and Jin Dynasties included: The record says: "In the fifth year of Emperor Zhao's first year (82 BC), Xuantu moved to Gouli. From the east of Shandan Daling, Woju Tu belonged to Lelang." This sentence means that when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to Korea, Later, Emperor Han Zhao, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, moved the Xuantu people to the land of Goguryeo in the fifth year of the First Yuan Dynasty (82 BC). The Woju and Huiqi tribes east of Shandan Daling (i.e. Changbai Mountain) all belonged to Le wave. The word "shandan" here is similar to Shanyan in Manchu. Shanyan means white; Shanyan Daling means white mountain.

Later, there was another record in the "Biography of Northern History? Wu Ji": "There is a man who climbs Taishan Mountain in the south of Mohe River. He is the emperor of Huayan. The common people are very respectful of him. People are not allowed to wet the mountains. Those who walk on the path are filled with clouds. If there are bears, leopards, and wolves, they will not harm anyone, and no one dares to kill them. They are the same ethnic group as the Sushen, Jurchen, and Manchu people, but they live farther north. This passage says that there is a big mountain in the southern border of Mohe Kingdom, which refers to Changbai Mountain. In other books of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (such as "Book of Wei", "Book of Qi", etc.), the terms "Zong Taishan" and "Zong Baishan" often appear. Later, relevant records can be seen in "Book of Tang? Biographies of Dongyi": "Mohe lived in Sushen, and the Limo tribe reached Taibai Mountain in the south, which is also said to have moved to Taishan to connect with Gaoli." It can be seen that at that time, the relationship between The names of Changbai Mountain are very inconsistent. Some are called Zongtai Mountain, and some are called Yitai Mountain, Zongbai Mountain, and Taihuang Mountain.

It was not until the Khitan and Jurchen tribes in the Northeast settled in the Central Plains and established the Liao Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty that the first high mountain in the Northeast was called Changbai Mountain in a standardized way. There is a record in "Khitan National Chronicles": "Changbai Mountain is more than a thousand miles southeast of Lengshan Mountain... all animals are white." Later, in "History of the Jin Dynasty". It is recorded in "The Thirty-Fiveth Anniversary": "There is Changbai Mountain in the Jurchen Land."

It should be pointed out in particular that the Jurchen people who established the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains have always regarded Changbai Mountain as their birthplace, and they often have to pay attention to it. They worshiped at the top of Changbai Mountain to bless their country's prosperity and the longevity of their emperor. Not long after Jin Shizong Wan Yanyong ascended the throne, in the twelfth year of Dading (AD 1172), he conferred the title of King Lingying of Xingguo on Changbai Mountain and appointed famous literati at that time. Dang Huaiying of the Hanlin Academy compiled the "Book of Conferring Changbai Mountain as King Lingying", in which he tried his best to deify Changbai Mountain and said: "Since the analysis of the two rituals, the mountains and mountains are beautiful and beautiful in their own way. The country will be prosperous, and it will be made by heaven." It is necessary to worship the gods of Yue. Therefore, there is a trace of Qiyang, looking at the mountains and rivers, and Jue is Changbai. The town of the state..."

In the article, Changbai Mountain is called the sacred mountain Xiuyue, and the highest praises are used to describe it, such as "carrying my golden virtue" and "looking up to its height", which shows the deep love for this famous mountain outside the Great Wall. Reverence and respect. Therefore, in the fifteenth year of Dading (AD 1175), the emperor built the Temple of King Lingying in the north of Changbai Mountain, and ordered ministers to prepare rituals and bring this "Book of Documents" to pay homage.

In the Qing Dynasty, the admiration for Changbai Mountain reached its peak. Not only did they hire Yan scholars to fabricate the myth that a fairy swallowed red fruit and gave birth to the ancestor of Aisin Gioro; The Changbai Mountain area was closed as a holy land, and people were prohibited from entering the mountains to graze, hunt and collect ginseng. Several accomplished emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi, Qianlong, and Jiaqing, all personally came to the Northeast to pay homage to the birthplace of their ancestors, Changbai Mountain. Although they did not go to the Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain to pay homage to the birthplace of their ancestors, some of them have gone to surrounding areas (large and small shipyards in Jilin City, Weishan Fort in Kaiyuan County, etc.). Moreover, he also wrote a large number of poems praising and commemorating Changbai Mountain.

Kangxi has the poem "Looking at the Changbai Mountain" and "The Essay on the Thousand Changbai Mountains" (two articles), Qianlong has five "Essays on the Changbai Mountain", and Jiaqing has two "Essays on the Changbai Mountains", all of which are vivid and colorful. Breathtaking.

Kangxi's "Comment on Changbai Mountain" said: "Only the gods and heroes stand in the east, maintaining cooperation and supporting the prosperity of the scenery. The rivers and seas are dredged, and the auspiciousness and auspiciousness are condensed. The supernatural power lasts for thousands of years, and the Pufan nourishes the common people. kind". "I believe that when the country is ordered to unite, the gods of the mountains and rivers will not cooperate with each other. To trace the traces of rise and fall, and to promote the auspiciousness of fortune, it is especially suitable to mark the beginning of the year and the Ming Dynasty, and to mark the birth of the day. The top of the mountain is made from the sky, and the shape is in the song. Its origin is old, but it is a beautiful place in the eastern border, with abundant lakes and rivers. It spreads out the veins of the three rivers and spreads over thousands of miles. It has the wonderful function of spreading clouds and releasing rain, and it is used to benefit materials and people. There is no other miracle like the sacred mountain. "Beijing." The memorial article written by Qianlong said: "In the early Qing Dynasty, it was located in Changbai Mountain. It was not clear that it was not effective. The three rivers of Yalu, Hutong and Aihu came out. Yan. The emperor used his daughter Tianmei to give birth to a holy son. The emperor used Xi to name him Jueluo, and named him Aixin. Huifa, Jiefan... Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, Liu Jianfeng of Antu County reported to the court and said: "Changbai Mountain is the birthplace of our dynasty. A born saint, the area was leveled in Wan Si's year." Therefore, he suggested going up the mountain to rebuild. With the approval of the imperial court, the county magistrate organized four mountaineering inspections and took more than 40 photos of the scenic spots in Changbai Mountain. After returning, he compiled the "Total Photos of Changbai Mountain Miracles". The photo album was presented to the imperial court.

Liters from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties wrote many poems and essays on the theme of Changbai Mountain. Here are some of his representative works for the readers’ pleasure.

The largest scholar in the mid-Jin Dynasty, Zhao Bingwen (1159-1233, courtesy name Zhou Chen), was a Jinshi and official in the twenty-fifth year of Dading of the Jin Dynasty (AD 1185). He became the Minister of Rites, and returned to his hometown of Ci County, Hebei Province in his later years. Because his family had a hall named Xianxiantang, he called himself Xianxian Old Man. He once wrote the famous long poem "A Trip to the Changbai Mountains": "The majestic sky of Changbai Mountain is at the North Pole, and the immortal in white is Frequent haunts. The king dragon's hanging claws fell on the cliff, and the sky flew down from the four rivers. A horse crosses the river, a dragon flies into the sky, and clouds rise and become thousands of princes and kings. So far, there are many nationalities in the first class, and the competition between horses and football players in the Qing Dynasty is fierce. The brocade mink hat hunts the spring breeze, how can Wuling's heroic spirit be erratic. The year before last, when I was riding in the north, I was looking over the Central Plains, and I was about to draw up the Great Wall, just like cutting iron. The brothers of the group are really connected with jade, and they have hundreds of thousands of weapons and halberds in their chests. In front of the Emperor Zeng Lunshi, everyone in the Han court was moved. Knowing that it is not easy to live in prison, it is useless to be greedy for merit. In the southwest, the time is right, and there will be no changes for you before the emperor comes. There are always ten gains but no losses, and three auxiliary signs are half thorns. The skinny wife pulls the rake at dawn and the girl supports the plow, fearing that the officers and soldiers will be short of food and the wounds have not yet recovered, but they are willing to suspend the army to support the people. The old man is a mischievous official, and the white-headed scholar does not live in the country. After his success, he returned to the temple and offered two or three strategies for rejuvenation.

The poet Wang Jie of the Yuan Dynasty (also known as Yi Bo, a native of Dingxing, Hebei Province, a Jinshi during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty, a graduate of the Hanlin Academy during the reign of Emperor Shun, and a bachelor of Zhongshu Zuocheng), wrote a long poem Changbai Mountain is also vividly described in "Liaodong High-temperate Woman": "The sky is white in the east and is close to Peng Ying, and the ethereal fairy jade is clear. The phoenix has gone and the sound of the purple flute has stopped, and the green Luan alone straddles the Yaojing." Changbai Mountain is described in the poem. Comparing it to the fairy mountains Penglai and Yingzhou on the sea, it is said that immortals in white clothes with jade and pure ice often haunt the mountain. This is consistent with the myths and legends about Changbai Mountain in the past dynasties.

Historically, Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain has always been within the territory of China. There is evidence in the historical materials of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Even during the Japanese rule of Korea, Tianchi Lake was also in China's territory. During the honeymoon between China and North Korea after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese government officially assigned about 53% of Tianchi to North Korea, taking into account the proletarian feelings of the North Korean working people.

Today, Changbai Mountain has become a tourist and leisure resort, with tourists from all over the world gathering here and never leaving. People say that "Guilin's landscape is the best in the world". Compared with Changbai Mountain, Guilin's landscape is too delicate. People say, "When you return from the Five Mountains, you don't look at the mountains." Compared with Changbai Mountain, the Five Mountains are not grand enough. Seeing is worth hearing a hundred times, so come and witness the charming style of Changbai Mountain for yourself!

Changbai Mountain is located in Antu County, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Fusong County, Baishan City. It is named after the white pumice and snow-covered peak of Mount Baitou. It is the boundary mountain between China and North Korea. It is known as "the first mountain in Guandong". Historically, Changbai Mountain has always been the place where the people of Guandong lived and worked, and was also the birthplace of the Manchu people. Therefore, it was known as the "Holy Land" in the Qing Dynasty. Changbai Mountain is world-famous as a tourist attraction, the birthplace of the Manchu people, and the sacred mountain of the Korean people.

Changbai Mountain is a dormant volcano. Due to its unique geological structure, it forms a wonderful landscape that is different from other mountains. The main peak is 2,691 meters above sea level, and there are 16 peaks above 2,500 meters above sea level. Tianchi is the most famous landscape in Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain is the main producing area of ??Sanbao jujube, ginseng, mink skin, and deer antlers in Northeast China. There are also many rare biological resources on the mountain, such as beauty pine, mountain grape, wild mushroom, Jindalai, immortal grass, Siberian tiger, red-crowned crane, etc.

There are dozens of geothermal hot springs under the rolling black rocks at the black wind outlet. They are as big as the mouth of a bowl and as small as the thickness of a finger. These are the hot springs distributed on the ground of 1,000 square meters. It is less than two miles away from the deafening Changbai Falls, and the roaring Baihe River passes by. It dyes the surrounding rocks and gravel with brilliant colors of golden, blue, bright red, and emerald green, shining with various colors and emitting steaming heat, which is particularly pleasing to the eyes of tourists. Especially in winter, the surroundings are covered with snow and ice, but here it is indeed steaming and smoky, which is really a unique scene.

Changbai Mountain hot springs are high-heat hot springs. The temperature of most springs is above 60 degrees Celsius, and the hottest spring can reach 82 degrees. If you put an egg in, it will be cooked in an instant. Changbai Hot Spring is known as the "sacred water", which can relax muscles and activate blood circulation, drive away cold and eliminate diseases. It is especially effective in treating arthritis, skin diseases, etc. There is a hot spring bath here for tourists to take a bath. The temperature of the water in the bath can be adjusted. After taking a bath, you will feel more relaxed.

The more famous Changbai Hot Spring, Tiyun Hot Spring and Hubin Hot Spring are all good places to attract Chinese and foreign tourists. In addition, there are Lu Spring, Xianrenqiao Hot Spring Group, Shibadaogou Hot Spring, Jade Milk Spring, Yaoshui Spring and so on.

Tianchi The most famous scenic spot in Changbai Mountain is Tianchi. If you don’t visit Tianchi, you haven’t visited Changbai Mountain. Tianchi is the largest crater lake in my country naturally formed by volcanic eruptions. It is also the source of the Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalu River. Because of its high location, with the water surface at an altitude of 2,150 meters, it is called "Tianchi".

Tianchi is oval in shape, with a circumference of more than 13 kilometers. It is 485 kilometers long from north to south and 335 kilometers wide from east to west. It has a lake area of ??10 square kilometers, an altitude of 2194 meters, and an average water depth of 204 meters. The center is said to be 373 meters deep. Tianchi is surrounded by 16 peaks, and Tianchi is like a piece of jasper set among the peaks. It is often filled with clouds and fog, and there are often heavy rains and hails. Therefore, not all tourists can see her beautiful face.

Tianchi is a huge natural reservoir with a water storage of 2 billion cubic meters. The water in Tianchi comes from natural precipitation, that is, rain and snow, and from underground springs. Tianchi Lake is deep and clear, like a piece of magnificent jasper inlaid among the mountains, making people feel like they are in a fairyland. However, the climate in Changbai Mountain is changing rapidly, making Tianchi looming, so it creates a wonderful scene of Tianchi "when the water is shining, it is beautiful when the sun is clear, and the mountains are empty and rainy, it is also strange".

Changbai Waterfall Anyone who has been to Changbai Mountain is fascinated by the majestic and endless Changbai Waterfall! The silver stream seemed to fall from the sky and hit the ground like thunder. Changbai Waterfall is located on the north side of Tianchi, at the end of Chengcha River. After the Chengcha River reaches 1,250 meters, it flows straight down, forming the 68-meter-high Changbai Waterfall. Because it is a scenic spot in Changbai Mountain, it is named Changbai Waterfall.

Due to the steep slope of the mountain and the rapid water flow, at a glance, it looks like a slanting ladder to heaven. There is a huge stone called "Cowherd Ferry" at the entrance of the waterfall, which divides the waterfall into two parts. Two jade dragon-like water pillars bravely rushed towards the protruding stone beach and rushed into the deep valley, splashing flying waves several feet high, like a goddess scattering flowers, and the water mist filled the air like mist, as if "thousands of snowfalls fell from the Milky Way. The waterfall flows with thousands of wisps of smoke." It has latitude and longitude, the clouds are rolling and the rain is pouring, and the roaring sound can be heard dozens of miles away. It is like thousands of horses galloping, and the scene is very spectacular. When tourists pass by here, they all stop to look up and feel filled with emotion. The waterfall is shaped like white water, falling from the sky, thundering like a jade dragon rushing to the bottom of the valley, and the scene is spectacular. The rapids fell, and after thousands of years, a pool about 20 meters deep was formed under the waterfall. The water from the pool flows out and merges into Erdaobai River.