Research study paper on wine (sent to 100 if the answer is good)

I don't know what kind of wine you want. These are about the effects of alcohol on health. I hope they can help you.

American scientist: An ingredient in fruit and vegetable red wine can kill blood cancer cells.

A research report recently released by American scientists shows that an antioxidant contained in fruits, vegetables and red wine can kill blood cancer cells of leukemia patients without harming healthy cells.

Experts from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania reported in the American Journal of Biochemistry that there is an antioxidant called anthocyanin in many fruits, vegetables and red wine. The researchers extracted anthocyanins from black raspberries, analyzed the collocation mechanism of anthocyanin -3- rutinoside (C-3-R) and studied its effect on blood cancer cells. It was found that low dose of C-3-R could kill half of the blood cancer cells in an experimental sample within 65438 08 hours. C-3-R can make cells produce a peroxide, which leads to the death of blood tumor cells, but this peroxide is not toxic to normal cells.

Japanese studies have found that red wine helps to prevent some eye diseases.

A new study by asahikawa medical college and other institutions in Japan found that a polyphenol contained in red wine has the function of dilating eye blood vessels and may be used to prevent some eye diseases caused by blood flow disorders.

According to a recent report in Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun, resveratrol is a polyphenol contained in red wine. Previous studies have confirmed that this substance can inhibit cancer. Researchers from Asahikawa Medical College and other institutions have prepared a certain amount of resveratrol solution, the concentration of which is equivalent to the concentration of resveratrol in blood after drinking three or four glasses of red wine. Subsequently, they soaked the retinal blood vessels of pigs in the solution. Five minutes later, the researchers measured the diameter of blood vessels and found that the blood vessels expanded to about 1.6 times of the normal state.

Cholesterol-lowering drugs statins can also dilate blood vessels. Compared with statins only acting on vascular endothelium, resveratrol acts on vascular endothelium and extravascular smooth muscle at the same time.

Taisi Nagaoka of the research team said that if resveratrol can have the same effect on humans, scientists are expected to develop new drugs to prevent eye diseases caused by blood flow disorders such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults.

Medical research has found that drinking red wine often can prevent rectal cancer.

More medical research shows that red wine has medical functions. Drinking more than three glasses of red wine a week can reduce the risk of rectal cancer.

Joseph C. Anderson, MD, SUNY State University at Stony Brook, and his assistant studied 360 people who like to drink red wine and white wine. The results showed that the risk of rectal cancer was reduced by 68% in people who drank red wine regularly, while those who drank white wine did not find the above resistance.

Researchers suspect that it may be that resveratrol, a high concentration compound contained in red wine, has anti-cancer effect.

Experts from the American College of Gastroenterology said that rectal cancer is one of the most easily diagnosed cancers, and most of them can be cured if found in time. Red wine contains chemical preventive substances, which can play an important role in preventing cancer. In addition, tumors and polyps found in the initial report of the experiment can be removed before canceration.

Indian medical experts say: red wine is not good for health.

In recent years, it is widely rumored that "red wine is good for health". Recently, medical experts attending the Indian Medical and Health Summit unanimously overturned the above argument, saying that wine, beer and any form of alcoholic beverages will not promote human health.

H. K. Chopra, president of the World Heart Association and a senior cardiologist, said: "I have carefully studied nearly160,000 articles on human health and found that none of them can prove that alcohol is good for health (especially for the heart)." "Drinking red wine is good for the heart, just a feeling of people. Why not use grape juice instead? "

Mishra, director of surgery at the Indian Academy of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), said: "Wine companies promote their products under the guise that red wine contains antioxidants, so many people blindly believe that they start drinking a lot, but never drink juice."

B.K. Rao, chairman of Sir Gangaram Hospital, said that India needs more fitness centers, not hospitals. "Most people don't realize the importance of health. While eating junk food, carbonated drinks and alcohol, I kept complaining that I was overburdened. " "No one advocates the benefits of fitness, but there are a lot of advertisements promoting the health of wine everywhere. This trend is really worrying. What we need is healthy food and regular exercise, not wine. "

C. Manchanda, pre-school director of heart disease in South AIIMS, agrees with the above view and advises people not to drink wine, but to drink water. "Water will purify people's bodies." Nutritionist Shikha Sharma also criticized the idea that red wine is good for health. She thinks that people's physical burden is already heavy. In this case, drinking wine or other alcoholic beverages will only increase the burden. What we need is a balanced diet.

According to a recent survey by the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), the number of people who died of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes in 1999 was 3.78 million, and this number will rise to 7.63 million in 2020.

Danish scientists have found that drinking wine often is easy to get pregnant.

A recent study by Danish scientists found that women who never drink alcohol are less likely to get pregnant. Danish researchers say that women who drink wine regularly are more likely to get pregnant than women who drink beer and liquor.

The research team studied the relationship between drinking and living habits of these 30 thousand women. These women come from all over Denmark. In particular, the researchers studied how long it takes these women to get pregnant.

Researchers at the Danish Center for Epidemiology and Scientific Research in Copenhagen said that the study found that women who regularly drink alcohol get pregnant the fastest. At present, scientists are not sure whether wine itself affects fertility. However, women who drink a lot are really prone to pregnancy.

American studies have found that drinking white wine can also increase the risk of breast cancer.

According to Reuters, a study by Dr. Zhang Shumin of Harvard Medical School and his colleagues found that women's long-term drinking will increase their risk of breast cancer. Drinking a glass of wine a day may increase the risk of invasive breast cancer by 9%, and drinking more than two glasses a day will increase the risk of breast cancer by 32%, including white wine, which has always been considered to have little side effects.

Dr. Zhang told reporters in March 15: "Moderate drinking will also increase the risk of breast cancer. If you want to drink, you should consider the risks and benefits of drinking. To be sure, drinking is risky. Beer, fruit wine and white wine all increase the risk of breast cancer, except red wine. The chemical components contained in red wine, such as resveratrol and other polyphenols, can offset the adverse effects of alcohol, but the research results do not prove that red wine (for breast cancer risk) is safe. "

Writing in the American Journal of Epidemiology, dr. zhang and his colleagues pointed out that a large number of studies have linked moderate drinking with an increased risk of breast cancer, and they began to analyze the relationship between them. Most breast cancer patients have estrogen and progesterone receptors in their cancer cells, and some patients have only one or no estrogen receptors.

A survey of 39,876 women who participated in the women's health research project showed that during the ten-year follow-up period, 1 190 people developed invasive breast cancer, and 294 people were diagnosed with early breast cancer. The study found that those women who drink one or three-quarters cups a day (alcohol content is 10g) have an increased risk of breast cancer by 7% and other more serious diseases by 9%. Women who drink at least two glasses a day (alcohol content of 30 grams) have an overall increase of 32% in the risk of breast cancer and 43% in the risk of invasive diseases. This risk is mainly aimed at invasive breast cancer patients with estrogen and progesterone receptors in their bodies, accounting for about two-thirds of all breast cancer patients.

Scientific research has found that Armagnac brandy has the effect of losing weight.

Scientists have found that drinking Armagnac wine in moderation can prevent thrombosis, heart disease and lose weight.

In 2005, Nicholas Moore, a professor of pharmacology at Bordeaux University, led the research, and the final conclusion was published in the scientific journal Thrombosis Research. The results showed that Armagnac wine was helpful to prevent platelet aggregation from forming arterial thrombosis. In addition, Armaniak has a remarkable weight loss effect.

The researchers regularly fed the obese mice used in the experiment with a proper amount of Armagnac wine, while feeding another part of obese mice with pure alcohol, and found that the weight of the former decreased significantly. According to the researchers, this experiment fully shows that Armagnac wine contains a special ingredient that can help you lose weight. This ingredient can be extracted from grapes or from Gasco wood used to age Armagnac brandy.

Red wine can reduce the brain damage caused by stroke.

In the past, many scientific studies believed that red wine was beneficial to human health. Recently, American scientists have further discovered through research that if a person can drink one or two glasses of red wine every day, the degree of brain damage will be significantly reduced when he has a stroke. In order to better understand the role of red wine in reducing the degree of brain damage caused by stroke, scientists at Hopkins University in the United States made the following experiments with mice.

They first gave moderate doses of resveratrol (a chemical found in the peel and seeds of red grapes) to experimental mice, and then artificially caused brain damage similar to stroke in mice. Scientists have found that the brain damage of experimental mice taking resveratrol is much less than that of experimental mice not taking resveratrol.

The scientist said: "Before causing a stroke, we let the experimental mice take resveratrol orally, and then observed that the area of brain damage caused by stroke can be reduced by about 40%." Scientists involved in this study said that the uniqueness of this research result lies in concretizing the health benefits of red wine, that is, resveratrol in red wine can help brain cells enhance their ability to resist free radical damage.

The experimental results also show that resveratrol can increase the concentration of an enzyme called heme oxygenase in the brain, and heme oxygenase has the function of protecting brain nerve cells. This shows that the health benefit of moderate drinking red wine is that resveratrol in red wine can start the antioxidant system of heme oxygenase.

Scientists also said that people have long believed that red wine is good for heart health. Our research shows its special role in reducing the damage of stroke to human brain cells.

Scientists say that how much red wine you drink can produce this preventive effect, depending on your own weight and the concentration of resveratrol in the red wine you drink. Past experimental results show that the brewing and fermentation process of red wine itself can increase the concentration of resveratrol. Therefore, the quality of the brewing and fermentation process itself determines the concentration of resveratrol in the produced wine. Generally speaking, drinking two glasses of red wine every day can produce such a preventive effect.

Erythritol in wine can promote tartar decomposition.

Japanese scientists recently reported at the meeting of the Japanese Association of Basic Dentistry that erythritol is a kind of sugar contained in fruits, wine and other foods, which can easily decompose dental calculus.

According to the Asahi Shimbun reported on the 26th, pathogenic bacteria and probiotics causing dental caries "live together" in human mouth. These bacteria, which feed on food scraps, multiply and intertwine with each other, forming tartar that is difficult to remove. Saliva can inhibit the proliferation of these bacteria, but the detailed mechanism is still unknown. Japanese scientists have found that erythritol contained in fruits such as melons, pears and fermented foods such as soy sauce and wine has the same effect as saliva.

Scientists found through experiments that teeth can be cleaned by spraying tartar with erythritol aqueous solution and then without a toothbrush. Only the ultrasonic wave that is equivalent to the force of the toothbrush stirring water touches the teeth, and the tartar falls off immediately. Experiments have proved that erythritol can penetrate into tartar which is difficult to penetrate by general dental fungicides.

It has been found that wine contains compounds that inhibit Alzheimer's disease.

A recent study by Japanese scientists found that a compound in wine can inhibit the enzyme that causes Alzheimer's disease, thus reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The research results were recently presented at the World Nutrition Congress in San Francisco, USA. Scientists have found that both red grapes and white wine contain a small peptide, which can inhibit peroxidase, an enzyme related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. This inhibitor is a pentapeptide (with five amino acid molecules in the chain), which is a special peptide containing selectively cut amino acids. Their research also found that the pentapeptide content of Melot, SaurignomBlanc and PinotNoir in California was the highest, and it was also found in table wine, grape juice and pulp.

It is reported that memory loss and dementia in middle-aged and elderly people are usually caused by Alzheimer's disease. At present, there are180000 dementia patients in the world. By 2025, this number may increase to 34 million people, 70% of whom live in developing countries. PER enzyme digests brain hormones (related to learning and recording) and produces amyloid, which accumulates in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, drinking wine regularly can reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

The Japanese scientist said that it is very difficult to extract pentapeptide from wine, but it is not sure whether it will have the same effect after it is put forward. He hopes that pharmaceutical companies can synthesize this pentapeptide by chemical methods, make PER inhibitors and test their effects.

Liquor can also have the health care function of red wine.

The winemaker developed a white wine, which has all the health functions of red wine.

Studies in many countries show that moderate drinking has a health care effect on the heart, and red wine has a better health care effect on the heart than other alcoholic beverages. It may be because polyphenols and antioxidants in red wine scavenge harmful free radicals and keep blood vessels open. Polyphenols are concentrated on grape skins, and red wine is squeezed with skins, so the polyphenol content is high. The research team of Montpellier University in France selected white grape varieties rich in polyphenols and studied white wine rich in polyphenols by skin pressing. They chose Chardonnay, and the polyphenol content of wine is four times higher than that of ordinary Chardonnay.

Scientists' brewing method is two steps more than ordinary chardonnay brewing method. One is to soften the pressed grapes for six days, and the other is to heat them at high temperature.

Scientists have specially brewed Paradoxe Blanc wine for diabetics, whose ability to scavenge free radicals is weaker than that of ordinary people. Scientific experiments on mice show that the antioxidant level of sick mice is close to normal after taking this wine. One or two glasses of wine a day can reduce the oxidative stress of diabetic patients, said Teissedre of the research team.

However, the research team did not show that the wine they developed has the effect of removing arterial fat deposits, nor did it show that wine can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Katie of the British Diabetes Charity said that the best way to resist oxidation is to eat more vegetables and fruits, and diabetics can only drink alcohol in moderation.

Italian neuroscientists say that wine can make fish "live longer"

The latest research by Italian scientists has found that an ingredient in wine can prolong the life of fish. This result means that wine may also prolong the life of other vertebrates, including humans.

Alessandro Cellerino of the Italian Institute of Neurology and his colleagues published a paper in the February issue of Contemporary Biology, saying that resveratrol in wine helps to prolong the life span of the vertebrate African toothed carp.

Celerino's opinion is: "There is no harm in drinking one or two glasses of wine every day."

France discovered the health function of grape polyphenol juice.

Red wine has always been regarded as an effective product to reduce the oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Polyphenol juice extracted from selected red grapes in southern France has a more significant effect on reducing arterial oil accumulation.

Animal experiments conducted by Montpellier University of Nutrition showed that ExGrape total produced by La Gardonnenque in France was 57% higher than placebo in reducing oil accumulation and 20% higher than red wine. This discovery was announced by the main researcher Professor J.M.Rouanet at the first international conference on polyphenols and health held in Vichy last June. ExGrape total can be mixed with other ingredients of food supplements in the form of powder and dry mixture, and is also suitable for juice and candy industries.

Will drinking promote sleep or insomnia?

The initial reaction of alcohol is to induce sleep, but it is followed by frequent awakening and intermittent sleep. Although you can fall asleep earlier after drinking, it brings you terrible sleep.

Investigation shows that 10 patients with chronic insomnia, 1 person is caused by alcohol.

Drinking alcohol has a certain hypnotic effect. Many people like to drink some wine before going to bed, thinking it will help them sleep. Some insomniacs also use it as a means to treat insomnia.

Actually this is a misunderstanding.

The experimental study of sleep shows that drinking alcohol before going to bed can shorten the time of falling asleep, but make sleep shallower, prolong the time of shallow sleep, increase the number of waking up in the middle and sleep intermittently. It can be seen that the role of alcohol is to make people sleepy first. On the surface, it seems to be beneficial to sleep, but it may actually interfere with sleep. In the middle of the night, after the effect of alcohol gradually disappears, it will cause insomnia and dreaminess and reduce the overall quality of sleep. Therefore, drinking before going to bed can not increase the total sleep time, but may make sleep shallower, which is not conducive to sleep.

In addition, the decomposition of alcohol produces acetaldehyde, which is a harmful toxin. If you fall asleep immediately after drunkenness, acetaldehyde will circulate in the body, causing dehydration to a certain extent. Dry mouth leads to waking up, and then it will be difficult to fall asleep.

There are individual differences in their tolerance and response to alcohol. Some people can calm their nerves and have a good sleep just by drinking a little. But some people only react when they drink too much. Treating insomnia with alcohol can only achieve temporary effect, and it is by no means a long-term solution. If you get into the habit of drinking, you will lose more than you gain.

Those with poor sleep should not drink alcohol within 4 to 6 hours before going to bed. Of course, people with normal sleep, a cocktail or a glass of wine at dinner, will not stay in the body for too long, and may not have a bad influence on sleep.

Red wine can prevent gum disease and tooth loss.

Canadian scientists recently pointed out at the annual meeting of the American Dental Research Association held in Florida that a compound contained in red wine can effectively prevent gum disease and tooth loss.

According to the American Independent, researchers from Laval University in Quebec, Canada extracted a compound called polyphenol from Bordeaux wine and studied its effects on various periodontal bacteria. The results showed that polyphenols had a "significant inhibitory" effect on the reproduction of periodontal bacteria. Therefore, scientists believe that this compound can effectively prevent the development of periodontal disease.

However, experts also found that polyphenols can lead to the poisoning of other cells in the mouth, so more research is needed to find out how to strengthen the oral health care function of polyphenols without risk.

Polyphenols exist in grape seeds and skins. When grapes are processed into wine, the alcohol produced by fermentation will decompose polyphenols. White wine doesn't contain so many polyphenols, because grape skins need to be removed during the production process.

In the United States, periodontal disease affects two-thirds of adults over the age of 50 and one-seventh of people aged 265,438+0 to 50. Periodontal disease can affect the gums and the bones around the teeth. If it is not treated in time, it will lead to tooth loss.

Excessive alcohol will increase the risk of oral cancer, but red wine has shown many health benefits, for example, it can reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease, which is also due to the existence of polyphenols. In addition, red wine is a good source of cellulose, which can prevent intestinal cancer.

Red wine helps to lose weight and improve endurance.

A study of experimental mice by French scientists shows that resveratrol in red wine can improve the muscle endurance of mice and keep them slim.

Grapes (especially grape skins) and red wine contain a lot of resveratrol. According to the online edition of "New Scientist" magazine (16), researchers from the French Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology fed the first group of experimental mice with high-fat food, while feeding the second group of experimental mice with high-fat food, according to the standard of 400 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.

After feeding resveratrol, the two groups of experimental mice were compared with those on the standard diet. After 3 weeks, the weight of the second group of experimental mice was only about 20% heavier than that of the standard diet experimental mice, while the weight of the first group of experimental mice was 60% heavier than that of the standard diet experimental mice.

Since then, the researchers have conducted endurance tests on experimental mice. The results showed that after considering the weight difference, the experimental mice that ate resveratrol ran on the treadmill twice as long as the experimental mice that did not eat resveratrol.

The latest research found that old-world wines had the best health care function.

The latest research by scientists has found that the old world flavor wines produced in southwest France and Sardinia, Italy are more beneficial to human health than those produced in Australia, South Africa and the United States.

The research results of Queen Mary University in London and Glasgow University show that the wines produced in Nouvo province of Sardinia and Geels province in southwest France have the best health care function and can effectively prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

In this experiment, the content of polyphenols with antioxidant function, that is, poly-proanthocyanidins, was detected in wines from all over the world. Procyanidins (PC) is a kind of polyphenol compound widely existing in the plant kingdom, which has antioxidant activity, prevents vascular embolism and alleviates atherosclerosis.

According to the research results published in the British scientific magazine Nature, the wines produced in two old-world grape-growing regions, Nouveau, Italy and Geels, France, have the best health care function, followed by wines from the United States, South Africa, European Union countries (France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain) and Australia.

The above ranking is just the opposite of the survey published by British cardiologists in 2003. According to the research at that time, Cabernet Sauvingon produced in Chile, a country of "New World" wine, has the strongest antioxidant effect in human body.

According to the British "Times" report, drinking two small glasses of Madurand wine every day (made from Tannatt grapes in Gasconi province, southwest France) can provide enough proanthocyanidins for the human body, thus lowering blood pressure.

Red wine can "delay" the harm of smoking.

Greek researchers have found that red wine can delay the harmful effects of smoking on arteries.

At the annual meeting of the European Society of Cardiology in Vienna, researchers from Athens University Hospital in Greece announced their findings: Volunteers can "delay" the harmful effects of a cigarette by drinking a glass of 250 ml of red wine while smoking.

The researchers said that it was the polyphenols in red wine, not alcohol, that played a "delaying" role. Many studies have found that polyphenols in red wine can prevent the formation of a chemical called endothelin-1. This chemical can cause blood vessels to contract, raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease.

Previously, a British hospital also prescribed a "prescription" for hospitalized patients with heart disease, with two cups of Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon every day.

Greek researchers say that if you smoke too deeply, it will damage arterial function within an hour after smoking. At the same time, the intake of polyphenols can offset this negative effect to some extent. But the researchers did not consider other harmful effects of smoking, including carcinogenesis.

Greek researchers used Greek red wine in their experiments. But other studies have found that Cabernet Sauvignon, especially Cabernet Sauvignon in Chile, has the highest polyphenol content.

There are good things in the grape skin.

Over the years, the benefits of red wine to human health have been widely introduced. However, a related report published online by Nature in June 5438+065438+ 10 this year caused quite a stir in the scientific community. The author of this article is Dr. David Sinclair of Harvard Medical School and National Institute on Aging. He found in the experimental model of obese mice that taking a large dose of Rescer A T R OL can reduce the incidence of many obesity-related diseases such as diabetes and liver disease.

Resveratrol is a biochemical substance extracted from grape skin during the production of red wine, and also exists in other berries and peanuts. Compared with the control group, after taking resveratrol, the mortality of 55 obese mice fed with high-calorie diet decreased by 365,438 0%, and their life expectancy was longer than that of ordinary mice.

Stranger still, this obese mouse has normal organs except its weight and cholesterol index. Before testing sports equipment, everyone was flexible and agile, and the quality of life was no less than that of young skinny mice. This shows that resveratrol can not only limit the absorption of calories, but also achieve this goal without limiting diet.

At present, resveratrol synthetic preparations can be bought in health food stores and online in the United States, but the dosage given by David Sinclair to obese mice is equivalent to 100 bottle of red wine every day. Due to the lack of reliable data on dose safety, he can't recommend this health care product to the public at least for the time being. It may take at least five to six years to obtain the approval of the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In view of this result, Dr. Hadders, director of the National Institute on Aging, is going to repeat this experiment on monkeys that are closer to humans.

Professor Helfant, peer-reviewed editor of Nature magazine and professor of molecular biology at Brown University, believes that this research achievement is a historic and landmark contribution. Of course, he also reminded the public not to regard resveratrol as a panacea for all diseases.

Is drinking red wine really good for health?

Anyone who drinks red wine should know that red wine contains a substance called resveratrol (0.43 mg per liter of wine), which can prevent cardiovascular diseases and lower human cholesterol through quercetin (7.84 mg per liter of wine).

Up to now, a large number of research reports have affirmed that red wine is beneficial to human health, but these scientific studies are almost based on the drinking style of French people, because although French people often eat high-fat food and drink a lot of red wine, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is far lower than that of other countries in Europe or North America. 18 19, Irish doctor Braque was surprised that French people seldom had chest pain, so he made a follow-up investigation on French people's living habits. The study found that although French people like to eat high-fat foods such as cheese, drinking a lot of alcohol has a protective effect on the heart.

Not long ago, at the annual heart conference held in Germany, a pharmacologist from Mainz, Germany, Urli Xi? Faustmann submitted three research reports to the conference, saying that the special substances in red wine can prevent arteriosclerosis, and the effect of good French red wine is more obvious than that of German red wine, because Burkent and Bordeaux are the best wines, and the resveratrol content in wine is much higher than that in other grape producing areas, which may be related to the local climate and soil.

Scientists say that resveratrol can increase the formation of carbon monoxide in endothelial cells, and scientists in Mainz can even prove the mechanism of resveratrol in cells: carbon monoxide can prevent platelet agglomeration. Faustmann has tested this mechanism in mice. However, he did not find that grape juice and white wine had the effect of protecting the heart and blood vessels, and neither did hard liquor. Therefore, Faustmann thinks that drinking one or two glasses of red wine every day is not only enjoyment, but also health.

Urli Chiquel, an infectious disease expert in Munster, also proved this point. He believes that the study of infectious diseases shows that a certain amount of alcohol can protect blood vessels. Women can drink 65,438+00 grams of liquor or 65,438+0/8 liters of wine every day, and men should use twice as much as women.

1993 The Journal of Epidemiological Review published an analysis report, which first mentioned that there is a substance in alcohol that can protect blood vessels. Since then, researchers have confirmed this statement many times. However, polyphenols and other substances in alcohol have little effect and can be ignored from the perspective of infectious disease research. But what Kyle has never understood is why people discuss the protective effect of red wine, white wine or beer on the heart. His view is that it doesn't matter what people drink.

Mann Flatt of Mannheim University holds the opposite view: "I don't doubt Faustmann's research results. They have done excellent experiments on cells and animals. But this does not mean that polyphenols really play such a big role in human organs. " He is opposed to persuasion in various ways. He believes that everyone's metabolism is different, and the role of alcohol in everyone's body is also different. On the contrary, the effect of drinking one or two glasses of wine a day can also be achieved in other ways, such as exercise or changing eating habits.

Kyle also pointed out that when discussing these issues, people often forget that most elderly people already have circulatory diseases, and only men over 55 and women over 65 need to protect blood vessels. For people under the age of 30, they seldom suffer from circulatory diseases, so there is no need to rely on alcohol to protect blood vessels.

At present, most researchers agree with Kyle and Manping. As for why people are still debating this issue, the reason is that many studies are sponsored by wine companies, beer companies or associations, so it is inevitable that there will be advertisements for red wine. It should be pointed out that Faustmann's research was not sponsored by French wine merchants, but by the German Research Association.