What impact does the globalization of the world economy and regional integration have on the international tourism market?

The influence of regional rules on the multilateral system has two sides in the field of service trade, which is embodied as: 1. Regional service trade rules have a positive impact on the multilateral trading system. It can be summarized in three aspects: (1) The regional service trade rules also aim at the liberalization of service trade, and play a supplementary role to the multilateral trading system to some extent. The regional economic integration of service trade has produced a "trade creation" effect within regional economic groups. The so-called "trade creation" means that after the implementation of free trade within regional economic integration organizations, services with high domestic costs are replaced by services with low costs from other member countries. Services originally provided by domestic service providers are now imported from other member countries in the region, and new trade is "created". By importing low-cost services from other member countries instead of high-cost services, the country can transform resources with high production costs into services with low production costs, thus gaining benefits. Free trade can maximize the welfare of the world economy, while regional economic integration at least eliminates trade restrictions among regional member countries. Although foreign countries implement strict trade protectionism, it is also the "second best" choice of trade liberalization. (2) The regional service trade rules can institutionalize the free arrangement of service trade in the region and resist the trade protectionism of interest groups of some member countries in the region. Due to the rapid development of service trade, its diversification and internationalization trend, and the increasing importance of service trade to the economies of all countries in the world, the competition among countries in the international service trade market has intensified and trade protectionism has prevailed. Most countries with no obvious comparative advantage in service industry are hesitant to open their own service market. The rules of international trade in services exist in the domestic laws of many countries and have the most direct and extensive influence on the providers of international trade in services and the services they provide. The trade policy orientation of domestic legislators is easily influenced by relevant interest groups, and its vacillation hinders the development of international service trade liberalization. Through the regional service trade rules, we can lock in the liberalization measures of service trade among member countries to a certain extent, resist the protectionism of interest groups in some member countries with the help of international treaties, prevent the retrogression of national positions, and further promote the liberalization of multilateral service trade. (3) The formulation and implementation of regional service trade liberalization rules play the role of "experimental field" for multilateral service trade rules. Before the General Agreement on Trade in Services came into being, regional economic integration organizations such as the European Union, the North American Free Trade Area and the Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area made many detailed provisions on the liberalization of trade in services. This further deepens people's understanding of service trade liberalization, helps to eliminate people's doubts and provides a certain ideological and cognitive basis for the conclusion and implementation of multilateral rules. At the same time, regional service trade rules, especially the relevant provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement, provide a precedent for multilateral service trade rules. The Council for Trade in Services attaches great importance to studying the relevant rules under regional agreements for reference. For example, the GATS Rules Working Group under the Council for Trade in Services, at the request of the Secretary-General of WTO, inspected the safeguard measures related to trade in services under regional economic integration agreements, and submitted reports on its procedural rules and substantive rules to the Council for Trade in Services respectively, as a reference for further improving the relevant rules under GATS. 2. Regionalism, in order to maximize the trade interests of the region, adopts trade protectionism against members outside the region, which has a certain negative impact on the multilateral trading system. Mainly manifested in: (1) regional economic integration, as the second-best choice of trade liberalization, can not achieve the optimal allocation of resources, especially in the field of service trade under the background of the information age. Due to trade protectionism against non-member countries, the "trade creation" effect brought by regional economic integration is offset by the "trade diversion" effect to some extent. The so-called "trade diversion" refers to the elimination of trade barriers within regional groups and the implementation of trade protectionism abroad, which will lead to the import of services originally imported from countries outside the region by member States within the region, thus resulting in trade diversion. This will not achieve the optimal allocation of resources, but will also cause certain losses to the world economy. At present, the trend of economic globalization is unstoppable and the degree of economic integration is deepening. The "massive" regional market and the corresponding integration rules artificially regionalize borderless technologies, which will have a negative impact on the economic development of the world and countries. In today's world, economic activities such as telecommunications services, financial services and e-commerce are increasingly carried out in a unified global market, and geographical distance is no longer an obstacle. In this borderless information age, regional economic integration is not enough to promote or even deviate from the process of economic globalization to some extent. (2) The rules of origin of services in regional economic integration agreements have eroded the multilateral trading system to some extent, especially the most-favored-nation treatment principle under the multilateral system. Regional economic integration has strict rules of origin to solve the problem of "free rider" of third countries and enjoy the convenience of liberalization of service trade in the region. The rules of origin not only restrict trade, but also increase the administrative burden, which brings additional costs of evidence collection and proof to manufacturers. The Treaty of Rome, the North American Free Trade Area Agreement and the Australia-New Zealand Protocol on Trade in Services in Europe all use the rules of origin to determine the "origin" (nationality) of service providers, so as to determine whether they can enjoy the measures related to the liberalization of service trade arranged by regions. It is worth noting that the trade restriction effect of the rules of origin of goods trade is relatively slight when the average effective tax rate in Europe and America drops sharply. The discriminatory treatment of service trade not only appears in market access, but also exists in the national treatment of products after access, which makes the discriminatory treatment of rules of origin on service trade far more significant than that on goods trade, in other words, the trade restrictions of rules of origin on service trade are greater than that on goods trade. Therefore, the rules of origin of services can easily be used as a tool for trade protection by members of regional economic integration, which deviates from the most-favored-nation treatment principle under the multilateral system. In addition, the dispute settlement clauses in regional economic integration agreements will conflict with the jurisdiction of the WTO. (3) The liberalization of regional service trade will widen the gap between developing countries and developed countries in the world service trade pattern. The reason for the surge in the number of regional economic integration agreements is not only to improve regional economic benefits and strengthen cooperation, but also to give full play to regional advantages and ensure regional interests in the increasingly competitive international market. After several rounds of negotiations under the multilateral trading system, the global tariff rate has been greatly reduced. However, different rules, standards and rules of origin between different regions constitute new interregional barriers. What is even more worrying is that the United States and the European Union, as the two major economic forces in the world, are the initiators of this competition for the world market. Both of them regard regional economic integration as an important tool to strengthen competition in the world market and compete with each other for the breadth and depth of the process of regional economic integration. Judging from the current situation of world economic integration, there is a pattern of regional economic integration with the United States and Europe as the axis and expanding outward. The United States and Europe are at the center of this pattern, manipulating the rules of the game, while developing countries are on the edge, and the least developed countries are often excluded from regional economic integration. In the field of service trade, the strength of developed countries and developing countries cannot be mentioned in the same breath, and the regional arrangement of service trade is mainly between developed countries. At present, regional service trade rules have further enhanced the competitiveness of developed countries in the international service trade market, while developing countries are at a disadvantage. Europe and America are mature service economies and have comparative advantages in the field of service trade. Especially in the financial services and telecommunications services in the annexes of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, their understanding enabled the General Agreement on Trade in Services and related annexes to be passed smoothly, while the liberalization of labor and employment services with comparative advantages for developing countries was forcibly prohibited. Based on the above analysis, the liberalization of regional service trade has both advantages and disadvantages for the multilateral trading system. From the reality of the international community, the collectivization and globalization of the world economy are not two completely opposite trends, but two trends coexist and develop together. Based on the reality of the international community, on the relationship between regional trade agreements and multilateral trading systems (including the General Agreement on Trade in Services), the World Trade Organization confirmed the compatibility of regional trade systems and multilateral trading systems, and at the same time established the primary and leading position of multilateral trading systems, placing the development of regional trade agreements within the framework of multilateral trading systems. As an important part of international service trade law, regional service trade rules are a necessary and beneficial supplement to multilateral service trade rules, but they cannot replace multilateral service trade rules. The correct way to deal with the relationship between them is regional globalization rather than global regionalization. How to restrain the integration of regional service trade, eliminate its negative effects and make it a useful supplement to the multilateral trading system is a major problem facing w to.