Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - Production weather
Production weather
Meteorological disasters generally include weather, climate disasters and meteorological secondary and derivative disasters. ?
Weather and climate disasters refer to typhoon (tropical storm, strong tropical storm), rainstorm (snow), thunderstorm, hail, strong wind, dust, tornado, heavy (thick) fog, high temperature, low temperature, continuous rain, freezing rain, frost, ice accumulation, cold wave, drought, dry hot wind, heat wave, flood, etc. ?
Meteorological secondary and derivative disasters refer to landslides, mudslides, storm surges, forest fires, acid rain, air pollution and other disasters caused by meteorological factors.
Major Meteorological Disasters Affecting China
Meteorological disasters are the most frequent and serious natural disasters. China is one of the few countries with frequent natural disasters in the world. There are many kinds of disasters and the losses are very serious. Every year, disasters such as drought, flood, typhoon, rainstorm and hail are endangering people's lives and property, and the national economy is also suffering huge losses. Moreover, with the rapid development of economy, the losses caused by natural disasters are also on the rise, which directly affects social and economic development.
Main meteorological disasters affecting China:
-Drought refers to a disastrous weather phenomenon that the rainfall is seriously insufficient for a long period of time, resulting in the loss of soil moisture due to evaporation, the reduction of river flow, and the destruction of normal crop growth and human activities. As a result, the output of crops and fruit trees is reduced, drinking water for people and livestock is difficult, and industrial water is scarce. Drought is the most serious meteorological disaster affecting agriculture in China, resulting in serious losses. According to statistics, the average annual drought-affected area of crops in China is more than 300 million mu, and the affected area is 65.438+0.2 billion mu. Due to drought, the annual output is reduced by 65.438+0 billion-65.438+0.5 billion kilograms, and the annual economic loss caused by water shortage is 200 billion yuan. At present, there are more than 420 cities in China suffering from drought and water shortage, and there are 1 10 cities suffering from serious water shortage. The annual output value of urban water shortage affects 200-300 billion yuan.
-Rainstorm is a short-term or continuous heavy precipitation process. In low-lying and closed areas, rainwater can not be discharged quickly, resulting in water accumulation in farmland and supersaturation of soil moisture, which brings disasters to agriculture; Heavy rain may even cause flash floods, river flooding and dam break, causing huge economic losses to the people and the country. According to the regulations of China's meteorological department, the rain with a precipitation of more than 50 mm in 24 hours is called "rainstorm". The Yangtze River basin is a frequent area of rainstorm and flood disasters, especially in the two lakes basin and the Yangtze River Delta. 1983, 1988, 199 1, 1998, 1999.
-Tropical cyclones (typhoons). Tropical cyclone is the general name of strong vortex with high center temperature and low pressure formed in tropical marine atmosphere. It is a very destructive weather phenomenon, which will lead to severe weather such as strong winds, heavy rains, huge waves and storm surges. In recent years, its average annual loss has exceeded10 billion yuan. For example, Yunna, who landed in Zhejiang in 2004, created10 billion at a time.
-Wind hail, wind hail disaster refers to the disaster caused by the ice cubes condensed in cumulonimbus clouds falling from the air under the control of convective weather. Hail often destroys large areas of crops and orchards, damages buildings and threatens human safety. It is a serious natural disaster, which usually occurs in summer and autumn. According to statistics, the area affected by agricultural wind and hail reached more than 99 million mu in severe disaster year (1993) and 56 million mu in light disaster year (1994).
-low temperature freezing. Low temperature freezing injury is mainly an agrometeorological disaster caused by the invasion of cold air and cold wave, which causes continuous cooling for many days, resulting in crop damage and yield reduction. In the years of severe freezing injury, such as 1968, 1975, 1982, the area of seedlings killed by freezing injury reached more than 20%. 1977 65438+1From October 25 to 29, a strong cold wave made the snow in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang as deep as 0.5 meters, the grasslands were buried, and a large number of livestock died.
-Blizzard, a natural phenomenon of large-scale snowstorm caused by long and heavy snowfall. Hazards include: seriously affecting or even destroying lifeline projects such as transportation, communication and transmission lines, which have a great impact on people's production and life. On June 5438+February, 2005, Weihai and Yantai in Shandong suffered the biggest snowstorm in 40 years, with direct economic loss of 37 1.43 billion yuan.
Looking back at the severe meteorological disasters in the history of China, it is found that drought, rainstorm, flood and typhoon caused by tropical cyclones are the most common and serious disasters in China. Among meteorological disasters, drought is also the most influential and serious disaster in China. Drought is characterized by a wide range, a long time and a far-reaching impact. Therefore, drought is also one of the most serious meteorological disasters in China. In China, rainstorm and flood disasters are the meteorological disasters second only to drought. In addition, lightning, sandstorm, frost, hail, fog and other disasters are also common and harmful meteorological disasters in China.
Urban life meteorology (key points)
5. Urban life meteorology pays attention to the influence of meteorological conditions on the natural environment, lifestyle and health of urban residents.
The forecast of life meteorological index is based on the short-term changes of meteorological elements in the future, comprehensively analyzing the impact of changes in meteorological conditions on the living environment, and making a living environment meteorological forecast that is closely related to human life and acceptable to the masses.
V publishes the forecast in the form of index, which can be understood and quantified scientifically.
Five, a wide variety of meteorological service indicators. Due to the differences in climate, region, environment, economic development level and season, the forecast of life meteorological index published in different places is not the same.
Five, the common meteorological index of urban life involves residents' life, municipal safety, medical care, environmental pollution, business activities, tourism services, public safety, etc.
5. Meteorological indicators of residents' life, including ultraviolet index, pollen concentration, human comfort, somatosensory temperature, clothing index, morning exercise index, heat wave index, wind chill index, cold index, heat index, dryness index, mildew index, etc.
V In terms of urban living security, there are water supply indicators, air conditioning start-up indicators (power supply), heating indicators, etc.
Medical meteorological indexes, including heatstroke index, cold index, frostbite index, respiratory disease meteorological index, cerebrovascular disease incidence trend, digestive tract disease meteorological index, etc.
V Meteorological index of environmental pollution, including air quality grade, air pollution index, pollution diffusion index, air cleanliness, negative ion meteorological index, etc.
5. Commercial meteorological indexes, including shopping mall passenger flow meteorological index, air conditioning sales index, beer meteorological index, cold drink meteorological index, car wash meteorological index,
Tourism meteorological indexes, including tourist index in scenic spots, mountaineering meteorological index, skiing meteorological index, swimming meteorological index forecast, fishing meteorological index, etc.
5 * * * Safety meteorological index, including fire prevention meteorological index, fire risk grade, dryness index, traffic safety, traffic safety index, highway traffic meteorological conditions, etc.
Five, in many meteorological service index, ultraviolet index, human comfort index, air pollution index, respiratory disease index is particularly important.
5. The intensity of ultraviolet radiation refers to the degree of damage that ultraviolet radiation in the sun may cause to human skin and eyes at noon during the day. Excessive sun exposure may damage the skin and eyes, which may lead to skin cancer and cataracts in severe cases.
V pay attention to moderate sunshine, but not excessive; Under normal circumstances, it should not exceed 30 minutes; Pay attention to taking appropriate sun protection measures when going out.
Human body comfort is mainly aimed at human body comfort under different combinations of meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. It is generally believed that 70%-80% of people's feelings are the judgment standard.
Changes in weather and climate will cause a series of reactions to human physiological functions. First, meteorological conditions can induce or aggravate symptoms. Moreover, in different seasons and regions, due to the specific climatic environment, some diseases will occur frequently, such as typhoid fever, colds, digestive system infections and so on.
V when the temperature is 18 degrees, the human brain is the most agile; Above 35 degrees, people's brains will feel tired; Although low temperature makes the human brain awake, the efficiency of using the brain is not ideal.
5. A stable climate with little increase or decrease in air pressure, temperature and humidity is beneficial to people's longevity.
5. Before and after the influence of strong cold air, the symptoms of patients with hypertension, heart disease, cor pulmonale, asthma, tracheitis, ulcer rheumatoid disease, cerebrovascular abnormality and so on are prone to abnormal changes.
5. Meteorological allergy is a disease caused by unfavorable meteorological factors in different seasons, and it can also induce or aggravate some diseases.
V when the weather changes dramatically, meteorological factors such as cold, warm, dry and wet, wind, frost, rain and snow will stimulate, and when the adaptability of the human body decreases, meteorological allergies will occur.
In spring, the climate is changeable. It's sunny today and rainy tomorrow, which often makes people difficult to adapt and easy to be allergic to the weather in spring.
Five, meteorological conditions are closely related to the diffusion, dilution, accumulation and removal of pollutants. Air pollution is serious under meteorological conditions such as inversion layer and foggy weather, so outdoor activities should be avoided.
It is a misunderstanding that people often think that the air is freshest in the morning. In fact, air pollution is the most serious in the morning, evening and evening. The air is fresher and cleaner during the day, noon and afternoon. In a year, the air is freshest in summer and autumn, and the air pollution is heaviest in spring and winter.
Five morning exercises should pay attention to the "four taboos": morning exercises are not as early as possible, and after sunrise is a good time for morning exercises; It is not advisable to do morning exercises on the roadside; In the morning, under the shade of trees and green leaves, the air quality is poor; Morning exercise in foggy weather is harmful and useless.
V In most parts of our country, the best choice is "sitting north facing south". Such a house can not only make proper use of the sunshine in winter and summer, but also "skillfully" adapt to the "monsoon" in winter and summer.
The Impact of Climate Change on Human Society
P Climate is an important part of the natural environment on which human beings depend.
Any climate change will have an impact on natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems.
P The impact of global climate change is all-round, multi-scale and multi-level, with both positive and negative impacts.
P The negative impact of climate change is more concerned, because the negative impact may endanger the future survival and development of human society.
P Climate change has had and will continue to have a significant impact on natural ecosystems.
P Climate change will change the composition, structure and biomass of vegetation, change the forest distribution pattern and reduce biodiversity.
Glaciers, frozen soil and snow may be reduced.
P Climate change may be one of the main factors leading to lake water level decline and area shrinkage.
Sea level rise will affect coastal zone and marine ecosystem.
Some extreme weather and climate events may increase.
P At present, little is known about the possible changes of extreme weather and climate events after climate warming.
P Previous studies have pointed out that some extreme events closely related to global warming, such as El Ni? o, drought, flood, heat wave, avalanche and storm, sandstorm, forest fire, etc. May increase in frequency and intensity, and the consequences of these extreme events will also increase.
P The impact of global warming on natural ecosystems is all-round, and most of them are unfavorable.
P The impact of climate change on the national economy may be mainly negative.
Agriculture may be one of the most sensitive sectors to climate change.
P Climate is an important environment for agricultural production and one of the indispensable main material resources.
P Climate warming will lead to changes in surface runoff, frequency of drought and flood disasters and water quality in some areas, especially the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources will become more prominent.
The spread of infectious diseases sensitive to climate change may increase, endangering human health.
P Climate change will affect the living environment of human beings.
Is it okay?
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