What methods can be used to investigate the causes and countermeasures of haze weather?

Haze is a combination of fog and haze. However, the reasons and conditions for the formation of fog and haze are quite different. Fog is a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air, and the formation conditions should have a high water vapor saturation coefficient. When fog appears, the relative humidity of air often reaches 100% or approaches 100%. With the diurnal variation of air humidity, fog becomes more common or thicker in the morning and evening, and becomes lighter or even disappears during the day. With the deterioration of air quality, cloudy days have increased and the harm has increased. In many areas of China, the phenomenon of haze weather is combined as a disastrous weather forecast, which is collectively called "haze weather". In fact, fog and haze are completely different in some ways. For example, when fog appears, the air is humid; When smog occurs, the air is relatively dry and the air humidity is relatively below 60%. The reason is that a large number of extremely fine dust particles, smoke particles and salt particles float in the air evenly, which makes the horizontal effective visibility see low air turbidity. The diurnal variation of haze is generally not obvious. When the air mass changes little and the air mass is relatively stable, it lasts for a long time, sometimes up to dozens of days.

The word "smog" has quickly entered the field of vision of ordinary people from strangers, and with the aggravation of smog weather in China in recent years, it has attracted more and more attention from the state, the media and the public. Haze is a kind of air pollution, which is very harmful to human body, especially to respiratory system. At the same time, smog can cause many diseases, such as tracheitis, pharyngitis and asthma. Hazy weather leads to less sunshine, insufficient ultraviolet radiation for children, insufficient vitamin production in the body, and greatly reduced calcium absorption, which will seriously lead to serious consequences such as rickets and stunting in children. Haze weather will also have a great impact on the calcium absorption of the elderly, and at the same time, for some people with rheumatism, it will aggravate the condition.

At the beginning of 20 12, Beijing continued to be shrouded in smog and issued a yellow warning. 20 13,101From October 20 to 23, Changchun, Shenyang and Harbin were in a continuous emergency, and most of the three northeastern provinces were shrouded in smog weather, which had a serious adverse impact on local traffic and citizens' lives.

2 1 From the evening to the morning of 22nd, the meteorological department of Heilongjiang Province issued the foggy red warning signal twice in a row. The visibility of Daqing, Jiamusi, Qitaihe, Yichun and Harbin is less than 50 meters, and there are haze weather in Harbin and Daqing at the same time.

Due to the severe smog, the highways in Heilongjiang Province were all closed, and the highway detachment of the Traffic Police Corps of Heilongjiang Province launched an emergency plan. Harbin Taiping International Airport has been closed continuously. The pollution index in Changchun is ridiculously high in many places. The air is pungent and the fog is getting bigger and bigger.

At 5 o'clock on the 22nd, among the PM2.5 monitoring points in Changchun 10, the hourly concentration in four places exceeded 500 μ g/m3, and the index was "broken", resulting in serious air pollution. Many citizens wear masks because of the pungent smell of the air caused by smog.

Since 2 1 day 18: 00, official website of Changchun Environmental Protection Bureau is still unable to log in due to heavy traffic. Liaoning released the first orange warning signal of smog this year. Most highways in Liaoning were paralyzed.

First of all, the causes of smog mainly include the following aspects:

First, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and inhalable particles are the main components of smog. The first two are gaseous pollutants, and the last particulate matter is the chief culprit that aggravates smog weather pollution. They combine with fog and instantly turn the sky gray. The abbreviation of particulate matter is PM, and what Beijing monitors is fine particulate matter (PM2.5), that is, pollutant particles with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns. This particle itself is not only a pollutant, but also a carrier of toxic substances such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Second, urban toxic particulate matter is also the main component of smog, and the first is automobile exhaust. Cars that use diesel are "habitual criminals" who emit particles. Although small cars using gasoline emit gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, they are easily converted into secondary particulate pollutants in foggy days, which aggravates smog.

Third, the waste gas emitted by industry is also a major factor. For example, industrial kilns and boilers in metallurgy and electromechanical manufacturing industries, as well as a large amount of waste gas generated by the combustion of automobile repair and painting and building materials production kilns. Of the 7 billion tons of standard coal burned in the world in 20 12, China burned 3.6 billion tons, accounting for 5 1%, and the exhaust gas discharged can be imagined.

Fourth, the dust generated by construction sites and road traffic.

Any environmental governance needs the universal participation of all levels of organizations and people in the country. The control of smog should be vigorously promoted in the following aspects:

1 Strive to build a low-carbon ecological society.

To realize the transformation from "smog" to "ecology", we must promote industrialization and realize economic transformation.

(1) The government should encourage green economy industries to become the mainstream of current economic growth, thus creating jobs in green industries. Most of the causes of smog are determined by the current situation of energy use in China. At present, about 70% of China's energy is coal and oil. This requires the state to increase planning and strive to increase the proportion of renewable energy in energy supply, such as increasing the supply of green energy such as wind energy, hydropower and solar energy, and reducing dependence on highly polluting energy such as coal and oil.

(2) To better build an ecological society, China's environmental pollution is not only in cities, but also in rural areas now. To this end, the government should subsidize energy conservation in the whole society, such as subsidizing the installation of solar panels on the roof. Guide coastal and Gobi desert areas to use wind energy and establish wind power stations. In addition, the government should take the lead in building some "zero-carbon" supermarkets in the pilot retail industry, and create a low-carbon shopping environment through self-provided biomass generators, building energy conservation and rainwater recycling.

Reduce pollutant emissions and prevent smog weather.

Reduce the production of PM 2.5 from the following aspects: (1) Control the source, do not build enterprises with heavy air pollution in the windward direction of cities, and eliminate backward technologies and equipment. (2) Harness enterprises with serious air pollution to reduce emissions. (3) Promote the use of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, wind energy, nuclear energy and solar energy, and try to use less polluting fuels such as coal, heavy oil and waste. (4) Develop public transportation, reduce traffic flow, and call on people to save energy and reduce emissions, use energy-saving household appliances, take public transportation and ride bicycles. (5) Improve vehicle pollution emission standards and reduce emissions through technical means, such as installing particulate filter devices on vehicles and imposing surcharges on vehicles without filter devices.

At the same time, an "environmental protection zone" is set up, and only vehicles meeting environmental protection standards are allowed to enter. Vehicles whose exhaust gas is not up to standard are strictly prohibited, and offenders are hell to pay. (6) Control domestic pollution, regularly clean the range hood, turn off the dry cleaning machine, and sprinkle water to prevent dust accumulation in buildings and roads. (7) Pay attention to agricultural and rural pollution, do not burn straw and garbage in the open air, use less pesticides and fertilizers, and plant more trees.

3 Introduce the necessary emergency plan for haze weather.

All localities and cities should formulate and issue corresponding emergency plans for haze weather according to specific conditions, timely and effectively respond to and prevent the harm of haze weather to the public's physical and mental health, and establish and improve the monitoring, forecasting and emergency response mechanism for haze weather.

The emergency plan for haze weather consists of five parts: introduction of haze weather, classification of haze weather pollution day, monitoring and forecasting, emergency measures for haze weather pollution day, organization and responsibilities.

The emergency plan for haze weather should be divided into three levels: heavy pollution day, heavy pollution day and extremely heavy pollution day. According to the results of air quality forecast, yellow warning, orange warning and red warning are started respectively, and corresponding pollution emergency measures are taken at different levels, including health protection measures, suggested pollution reduction measures and mandatory pollution reduction measures.

According to the requirements of the smog weather emergency plan, when severe smog pollution weather occurs, the Municipal Meteorological Bureau shall provide meteorological monitoring and forecasting information to the Municipal Emergency Office and relevant departments, and conduct air pollution forecasting consultation with the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau. The Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal Meteorological Bureau will release smog pollution level information through television, radio, internet, newspapers and short messages. Let citizens know the air quality status and changing trend in their production and living areas in time and strengthen self-protection. At the same time, all relevant departments should coordinate with each other and take concrete actions to deal with it immediately. (1) Some vehicles are prohibited from driving, or all vehicles are prohibited from driving in heavily polluted areas; (2) Restrict or close large boilers and industrial equipment; (3) restrict the operation of construction sites in the city.

Focus on the long term, improve the long-term mechanism and improve air quality.

In recent years, the smog weather, which has attracted much attention, seems to have not retreated in various discussions and measures taken by people, but has intensified.

Of course, there are various reasons for the analysis of the causes of smog, including abnormal development caused by various wrong policies and concepts, and objective weather changes.

When local development has not yet stepped out of the economic cycle, local governments will inevitably waver in economic data and curb environmental pollution, and even it is difficult to give up on highly polluting enterprises. In fact, both of them have a pulling effect on GDP soybean oil, but the latter is difficult to be directly proportional to the former for the time being, and the development trend is self-evident.

At this time, the central government must act and must eradicate the source of smog weather. On the one hand, through market-oriented reform, the government will shrink back its hand that has been stretched too long and become a regulator with no interests to improve the effectiveness of supervision; On the other hand, the external influence should be internalized through tax adjustment policies and encouraging enterprise mergers, so that each subject can consciously cope with the costs paid by itself due to environmental pollution.

Therefore, governments at all levels should attach great importance to air pollution control, release real-time monitoring information of ambient air quality in major cities, implement local air pollutant emission standards that are gradually tightened in stages, and establish a long-term mechanism to deal with haze weather. Focus on "adjusting structure, promoting management and greening". That is, resolutely eliminate backward production capacity and adjust the energy structure and industrial structure; Actively explore new ideas and methods of urban environmental management and vigorously carry out air pollution prevention and control in key industries; Vigorously implement afforestation, build a green ecological barrier, increase environmental carrying capacity, and reject urban planning with a greening rate that cannot meet certain requirements when planning environmental assessment. To this end, the government should also formulate some measures accordingly:

(1) government departments should advocate green administration, abandon the traditional GDP-centered development ideas, actively adjust the industrial structure, reduce and eliminate industries with high pollution, high consumption and low output, and introduce more green environmental protection industries.

(2) In the process of urbanization, we should try our best to promote urbanization without destroying the original ecology, so as to avoid destroying the original ecological balance of cities or rural areas.

(3) Government departments should set an example and minimize the use of buses. Anyone who can solve the travel problem through public transportation should try not to use buses.

(4) Set emission standards for all automobiles. For example, emission caps are set for cars, light or heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles and other vehicles.

(5) Strict emission standards for large boilers and industrial facilities. The directive sets stricter regulatory standards for the emission of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter from coal-fired power plants. Operators of coal-fired power plants must produce "best available technology" to prove the reduction of environmental impact, so as to obtain permission to continue operation, otherwise they will be closed down. However, China should be flexible while strengthening the emission supervision of coal-fired power plants.

(6) Clear the emission standards of machinery and equipment. The country has clearly stipulated the corresponding emission standards and set the limit value, which makes it necessary to equip some mechanical equipment such as diesel engines with particulate filters.

(7) Strengthen the policy evaluation of ecological civilization construction. Compared with the performance evaluation of local economic development, the performance evaluation of ecological tranquility has more important positive significance for safeguarding and developing people's livelihood.

(8) Strengthen the construction of relevant systems of environmental responsibility, and establish the "number one" responsibility system of local governments for environmental protection.

(9) Further improve the laws and regulations related to environmental protection, improve the market access standards for enterprises' pollutant discharge, and increase the punishment for enterprises' emission behavior.

4 enhance environmental awareness, and people live in harmony with nature.

It is necessary to enhance the environmental awareness of the whole nation, protect and rationally utilize natural resources, and strive to improve the ecological environment. To fundamentally improve the environment, it is impossible to rely on the government's massive capital investment and compulsory measures. The environment is maintained by everyone. Only when everyone spontaneously protects the environment can smog control achieve fundamental results. Different measures should be taken for different groups of people to improve their environmental awareness.

Education is a good way to enhance people's awareness of environmental protection. Japan has done a good job in this respect, and we can learn from it. Environmental education in Japan is divided into three levels, one is school environmental education, the other is family environmental education, and the third is social environmental education. School environmental education is a compulsory course from primary school to high school. The content of education is detailed, with both theory and practice. This not only allows students to learn in class, but also allows students to learn how to protect the environment in real life from the local actual environment. For example, organize students to visit the garbage treatment plant every year to let them know how the daily garbage is treated.

Family environmental education means that parents' associations communicate with schools and parents and cooperate with schools to do environmental education well. Every day, students and parents are required to take old newspapers, magazines, plastic cans, cans and other wastes home for recycling, and then hold a joint meeting to send these wastes to the recycling station, and the proceeds will be used to buy toys and school supplies for children. Social education is the conscious action of every Japanese citizen. For this reason, in all public places in Japan, whether it is shops, parks, parking lots, streets, squares, garbage sorting and recycling boxes can be seen everywhere, placed in an orderly manner, and the recycling of domestic garbage is handled by special personnel.

It is this kind of high-intensity environmental publicity and education under the three-pronged approach of school, family and society that ensures Japan's increasingly optimized environment. However, environmental education in China has had little effect, which probably includes the following two reasons:

(1) In the great stream of exam-oriented education, most schools simply carry out the following environmental protection courses or activities in response to the call of the Ministry of Education. Schools in this province don't attach importance to environmental protection, and of course they can't pass on the concept of environmental protection to students well. Of course, on the other hand, schools don't know how to implement environmental education, and they are unable to do so.

(2) The government has not paid enough attention to it. There are objective reasons why local governments pay insufficient attention to environmental education. First, the underdeveloped areas in China have seriously restricted economic development due to population expansion, lack of resources and insufficient capital investment. It is inevitable that the government will focus on economic development to get rid of poverty and promote economic development.

Between economic development and environmental protection, local governments often choose to develop their economy at the expense of the environment, and the issue of environmental education is naturally left out in the cold. Second, because environmental problems are gradual, hidden and long-term, it is not easy to arouse the vigilance and attention of government decision makers, which leads to environmental education being ignored.

In view of these problems, schools should take textbooks as the carrier to explain the harm of environmental pollution to human beings and the importance of protecting the environment in a purposeful and planned way, and cultivate students' virtue of protecting the environment. Schools should encourage teachers to intentionally guide and penetrate in time during the explanation process, and enhance students' awareness of environmental protection through discussion, such as guiding and analyzing the "greenhouse effect", so that students can understand that the infrared radiation of the earth cannot penetrate the atmosphere, leading to the rise of surface temperature and the melting of glaciers. Schools should also play a guiding role and educational function through examinations, guide students to care about and understand society, promote quality education in middle schools, and enhance students' awareness of caring for the environment.

For the government, we should first make full use of press conferences and other forms to publicize the significance of major environmental protection activities and the promulgation of important laws and regulations in a timely manner. Secondly, we should further promote the socialization of environmental publicity and education. The formation of citizens' environmental awareness needs the comprehensive application of propaganda, education, law, administration and public opinion. Environmental protection departments at all levels should do a good job in organization and coordination, and strive for the support and participation of news, publishing, science and technology, culture, art and other departments and social groups at all levels. Through environmental protection knowledge publicity activities, we will gradually standardize public behavior and gradually infiltrate various resources such as environmental protection, ecological improvement, rational utilization and conservation into daily life.