What do these solar terms have to do with agriculture?

Spring goes and summer comes-a long summer

Welcome the arrival of summer-a long summer

The long summer is usually in the first ten days of May, and the fifth or sixth day of May every year indicates that spring has passed and is considered as the day when summer begins. Twenty-four solar terms: "standing is the beginning" and "summer is false, and everything is false at this time." In which "false" means "big". As the temperature continues to rise, the weather will gradually get hotter, thunderstorms will begin to increase, and people will enter a tense summer busy season.

The summer harvest crops in the long summer season have entered the late growth stage, and the whole year is basically a foregone conclusion. At this time, winter wheat is flowering and watering, and rape is close to maturity. Rice planting and management of other spring-sown crops have also entered a busy season. Therefore, China has attached great importance to the long summer since ancient times. During the Zhou Dynasty, the emperor personally led hundreds of civil and military officials to the suburbs to "welcome the summer" in the long summer, and sent officials such as Stuart to encourage farmers to work hard.

As soon as the long summer comes, Jiangnan will officially enter the rainy season, when rainfall and rainy days will increase significantly. At this time, we should pay special attention to the wet damage caused by continuous rain and other diseases caused by it. Wheat at heading and flowering stage is easy to be infected with scab, so when it is predicted that there will be warm but rainy weather in the future, it is necessary to spray chemicals in time. Cotton is prone to anthracnose, damping-off and large-scale seedling death in rainy and low-temperature weather, so necessary measures should be taken in time to protect the health of cotton seedlings.

This period is the busy season of transplanting rice in the north and south of the Yangtze River, and there is a proverb that "there are many kinds of seedlings in summer, and Man Cang harvests more millet". Because the temperature is still low at this time, management should be strengthened after transplanting. Tea trees in this period are in the fastest development of spring shoots, so we should pay more attention. As the agricultural proverb says, "Grain Rain harvests less, but keeps picking in summer", we should concentrate our efforts on surprise picking in batches to prevent tea from aging.

The long summer season is the time for large-scale planting of early rice.

There is still not much precipitation in North China and Northwest China, but the temperature rises rapidly. Coupled with the windy spring and strong evaporation, the resulting soil drought will have a serious impact on crop growth. During this period, dry and hot winds prevailed, which was the main disastrous weather leading to reduced production. The key measure of drought resistance and disaster prevention is timely watering. In the long summer, weeds grow rapidly. There is an agricultural proverb that hoes are everywhere in three days in the long summer. During this period, intertillage weeding can not only weed, but also resist drought and waterlogging, increase ground temperature and accelerate soil nutrient decomposition, which is of great significance to the robust growth of cotton, corn, sorghum, peanuts and other crops at seedling stage.

People regard long summer as an important solar term, mainly because the temperature rises obviously at this time, thunderstorms increase obviously, and crop growth enters the peak season. After the long summer, it is an important period for planting early rice on a large scale, and the arrival and amount of rain during this period are closely related to the future harvest. As the agricultural proverb goes, "If it doesn't last long in summer, the plows will hang high." "There is no rain in the long summer, and there is no rice in the head." There are more and more crops-very few.

The crops are beginning to grow full-the small ones are full.

Xiaoman is usually in late May, and it is around May 2 1 or 22 of the Gregorian calendar every year. "Small fullness" means that the seeds of summer crops are full, but they are not yet mature, so they are only small fullness. People who are used to farming from all over China will make various preparations for the summer harvest. In production, according to past habits, such as rolling wheat fields, buying grass and seeds, overhauling harvesting machinery, and contacting corn intercropping, preparations began. In ancient times, Xiaoman was also divided into three stages: "Bitter vegetable show"; Second, waiting for grass to die; When the autumn wheat arrives. " This means that bitter vegetables have flourished this season; Some shade-loving grasses began to wither under strong light; The wheat is maturing gradually.

There is an agricultural proverb in the south that "a villain is dissatisfied and thinks too much"; "Xiao Man is full of discontent, regardless of mango." This gives the solar term Xiao Man a new meaning. The word "full" here describes the amount of rain, which means that if the field is full of water but not full, it may cause the ridge to crack, and may even lead to the failure to plant rice. As the saying goes, "transplanting rice in long summer and planting rice in small crops" and "planting rice in small crops and autumn in small crops" mean that small crops are the season for planting rice. In fact, the summer drought in South China is really directly related to the rice planting area.

The situation in the central and western parts of South China is quite special. Generally, there is drought in winter and drought in spring. In some years, the rainstorm comes very late, and it may come to June or even July. Due to the scarcity of rainfall in the small full period, the natural precipitation in these places often cannot meet the water demand of transplanted rice. There is a saying in agriculture in this area that "storing water is like storing grain" and "water is like raising grain". In order to cope with this situation, why not only improve the cultivation methods, but also pay special attention to the water storage work in that year? In addition, we should also pay attention to the rainy weather that may occur this season, which will affect the harvest of crops.

At this time, the seeds of summer sowing crops such as wheat in the northern region have begun to plump up and almost mature, but it actually takes some time to enrich. At this time, the most important thing to pay attention to is to do a good job of insect prevention in wheat fields to prevent dry hot winds and sudden strong winds and thunderstorms. Southern rice should pay close attention to topdressing and weeding, and harvest and dry summer grain in time on sunny days. After this solar term, there will be high temperature above 35℃ from the south of the Yellow River to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, so it is necessary to pay attention to heatstroke prevention and cooling.

Busy season-mango seeds

Grain in Ear

Mango seeds are usually in early June, that is, around June 6 every year. "awn" refers to all kinds of crops with "awn", such as wheat and barley; "Seed" means seed. This solar term tells people that from the day of "long summer", half of the summer time has passed. "Ear seed" means that wheat and barley are mature and will be harvested in the near future. At the same time, it also shows that crops such as late rice, millet and millet are going to be sown, which is the busiest season. Therefore, "awn seed" also means "busy planting", which is the busiest time for farmers to sow and go to the fields. There is a cloud in the twenty-four solar terms: "The May Festival means that there are awns in the valley."

Before and after the "Ear Seed", moving pictures of field machines rumbling, golden wheat rolling in, women and children running like shuttles, and human voices echoing in the sky were presented everywhere in the northern region. As the saying goes, "Spring competes for the sun, and summer competes for the time". "Race against time" here refers to the busy harvest of crops at this time. What people call "three summers" of busy farming means busy harvesting, sowing in summer and sowing crops in spring.

At this time, the wheat harvest season in Sichuan basin has passed, and the transplanting of mid-season rice and sweet potato is about to be completed. In most areas, the mid-season rice has entered the green period, and the green seedlings are full of vitality. From the poem: "The east wind dyes 3,000 hectares, and the heron has nowhere to stop", the beautiful field scenery of this period is vividly displayed. In the season of awning, we should pay close attention to planting medium rice that has not been transplanted in the basin; If it is postponed again, the vegetative growth period of rice will be shortened due to the increase of temperature, and the growth period will be easily affected by drought and diseases and insect pests, and the yield will inevitably be low. We should also pay close attention to the transplanting of Osmunda japonica in this period, which should not exceed the summer solstice at the latest, otherwise it will be affected not only by the drought, but also by the cooling in autumn, which will obviously reduce the yield of potato pieces.

Solstice of early summer-Solstice of summer

Summer solstice

The summer solstice is usually in late June every year. On the "summer solstice" day, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, reaching its maximum northward movement, affecting the Arctic Circle. It marks that the sun has moved to the northernmost position on the ecliptic at this time. Because the sun shines directly on the tropic of cancer, there is often a scorching sun in the sky, which is as hot as baking. In all areas north of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun reaches its highest position in summer solstice, that is, the position closest to direct light. At this time, the daytime is also the longest, that is, the sunshine hours are the highest. It is for this reason that the northern hemisphere receives the most light and heat from the sun, and the whole northern hemisphere is in the hottest summer.

The solar term "summer solstice" means high temperature, and the growth of trees and flowers is also very strong. During this period, the scorching sun shone brightly, burning like fire, and the relative humidity of the atmosphere was very low, which was really "burning like fire". "However, the summer solstice is not hot." "The summer solstice is already three years old." Astronomy stipulates that the summer solstice begins in the northern hemisphere, but the solar radiation heat received by the surface is still more than the heat released by the ground anti-radiation, and the temperature continues to rise, so the summer solstice is not the hottest season in a year. If you work in the field, you will feel sweating and smoking. This season, some factors that are not conducive to people's lives also come from this, such as the spread of germs and the perishable food. But farmers often seize this hot season and race against time to weed the farmland. As the saying goes, "weeding is noon, sweating is like rain, and the famine is eliminated as soon as possible to prevent the next day."

After the summer solstice, most of southern China has entered the field management period, which is due to the vigorous growth of crops, the rapid growth of weeds and pests in the field, and the need for timely management. Agricultural proverbs say: "The midsummer solstice is better than a poisonous snake bite", "The midsummer solstice is in the dog days, and the cultivated land is watered", "The midsummer solstice is in June, and the golden season should be preempted".

At this stage, since the beginning of spring, the rainfall in South China has changed, and the precipitation in the west of South China has obviously increased, which makes the distribution of precipitation change to more in the west and less in the east. This effectively changed the possible summer drought in western South China. However, we should also be alert to large-scale floods and prepare for flood control. From summer to the future, under the control of subtropical high, the rainy situation in eastern South China has changed and often developed into summer drought. Therefore, the region should actively store and conserve water, enhance drought resistance and strive for a bumper agricultural harvest.

The omen of extreme heat-slight summer heat

In hot summer, this is a weather prone to thunderstorms.

The light summer is usually in early July, that is, July 7 and 8 every year. "Summer heat" means extreme heat. This solar term indicates that it has entered the hot summer season, but this is only the beginning, and this is the meaning of the word "small". Shortly after the "light summer heat", the weather will be hotter, and it will soon enter the hot and humid climate stage, which also indicates that the "dog days" are coming. "Twenty-four solar terms" said: "June Festival ... summer is also hot, divided into sizes, small at the beginning of the month, big in the month, and still small today."

In ancient times, the heat was divided into three periods: "First, it was warm and windy; Second, wait for crickets to live in space; The third waiting eagle began to crow. " It means that there is no coolness in the wind in the hot summer, but there is a hot air; As the weather began to get hot, the crickets all left the field and hid in the corner of the yard for the summer. Because of the high ground temperature, eagles usually move at high altitude.

With the arrival of the little summer, the plum rains in the Jianghuai Basin gradually ended and turned into midsummer, and the temperature gradually increased and entered the summer drought period. At this time, the vast areas north of Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains in eastern China, especially North China and Northeast China, entered the rainy season, and the southeast monsoon brought abundant precipitation, which was quite concentrated. During this period, the south should pay attention to drought resistance and the north should pay attention to flood control. At this time, South China, Southwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are still in the southwest monsoon rainy season from the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. However, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are generally controlled by subtropical high, with high temperature, little rainfall and frequent droughts in summer, which have a great impact on agricultural production. We should make early preparations for water storage and drought prevention. There is an agricultural proverb "There is rain in the sky and rice in the pot", which means that the precipitation brought by thunderstorms, tropical storms or typhoons at this time is very beneficial to the growth of crops such as rice. However, excessive precipitation sometimes has a negative impact on dry crops and vegetables such as cotton and soybeans. At this time, the western part of South China has entered the season with the most rainstorm, and the number of rainstorm days in July and August can account for more than 75% of the whole year, usually about 3 days. Mountain torrents often occur in places with large relief, and even cause mudslides. However, in the eastern part of South China, due to the frequent control of subtropical high, the weather is sunny and hot, and after experiencing a slight summer heat, it began to enter the summer drought period. The climatic characteristics of drought in the east and waterlogging in the west in most parts of southern China have a great relationship with agricultural abundance and waterlogging, so we must take measures to ensure the harvest of drought and waterlogging as soon as possible to minimize the harm.

Around this solar term, the winter and spring wheat harvest in the northeast and northwest, and the agricultural production in other places is mainly based on field management. Early rice at the late filling stage should be kept dry and moist in the field, because early-maturing varieties should be harvested before high temperature in summer. At this time, the mid-season rice has been jointing and has entered the booting stage, so timely fertilization is needed to optimize the product quality. Tillering fertilizer should be applied as soon as possible for single-season late rice, and pest control should be paid attention to for double-season late rice. It is best to apply enough "marriage fertilizer" 5 ~ 7 days before sowing.

At this time, cotton in most cotton areas grew most vigorously, and basically began to blossom and bear bolls. Therefore, when applying flower-boll fertilizer again, the old leaves should be pruned and raked in time to coordinate the nutrient distribution in the plant, enhance ventilation and light transmission, improve the microclimate of the population and reduce the shedding of buds and bolls. In addition, aphids, red spiders and other pests are rampant in the hot summer season, and timely control of pests is an important link in field management.

The peak of intense heat-intense heat.

Major Heat

The summer heat is located in late July, that is, on July 23rd or 24th every year, when the sun reaches 120. This solar term marks the beginning of the hottest period of the year.

The "big" in "Great Summer" means "very", that is, entering a "hot" or "sultry" weather stage. Usually, whether the autumn harvest crops can get a good harvest depends largely on the light and rainfall during this period. In normal years, from "little summer" to "big summer", the weather is light and hot, the rainfall is abundant, and the flowers and trees are magnificent, which is very suitable for the growth of autumn crops. But during this period, the weather is changeable and thunderstorms are frequent, so people should always carry rain gear when going out. At this time, because I am in the "mid-crouching" stage, I always feel humid and sultry in my life, sweating all day. I feel a little cold at midnight every day, and the food tends to go bad during this time. At this time, field work is mostly carried out in the morning and evening. Because of the thunderstorm, weeding in farmland is often unsatisfactory. This season is also the period of the most concentrated rainfall in the whole year, and it is a crucial period for party committees and governments at all levels to attach great importance to flood control work.

"Twenty-four solar terms" said: "In mid-June, ... it was hot and hot, and it was small at the beginning of the month and big at the beginning of the month, and it is still hot." At this time, it is the hottest time in the year before and after the "mid-crouching", and it is precisely because of the highest temperature that crops grow fastest; However, drought, waterlogging and wind disasters occurred most frequently in this period, so the tasks of harvesting, sowing, drought resistance and waterlogging tolerance and field management were relatively heavy.

The ancient summer heat was divided into three periods: "The rotten grass in the first period was firefly; Second, wait for the soil to moisten and cool off the heat; It will be fine when it rains. " This means that during the hot summer, the firefly eggs on the rotten grass hatch; The air humidity increases, the weather becomes sultry, and the land becomes wet; Thunderstorms often occur during this period.

Midsummer is a busy season for the areas where double-cropping rice is planted in China. There are many agricultural proverbs in this period, such as "grain is yellow day and night in summer", "early rice grabs the day, late rice grabs the time", "if you don't cut grain in summer, you lose a load a day" and so on. Timely harvesting of early rice can reduce the harm of late wind and rain to early rice and ensure a bumper harvest. On the other hand, it can make double-cropping late rice sow in time and obtain more and sufficient growth periods. During this period, agricultural arrangements should be made in time according to the weather changes, such as harvesting more in sunny days and planting more in rainy days. The latest planting period is autumn.

The weather is hot in midsummer, and the water evaporates very quickly, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the demand for water for crop growth is very urgent. There is a saying that "summer rain is as light as silver and as heavy as gold". During this period, the leaf area of cotton reached the maximum at flowering and boll stage, so it was also the peak of water demand. Generally, it is required that the soil moisture in the field accounts for 70% ~ 80% of the field water capacity, and less than 60% will lead to flowering and bolling, so irrigation should be done in time. It is worth noting that irrigation should not be carried out at noon when the temperature is high, so as to avoid excessive changes in soil temperature and aggravate the shedding of buds and bolls. At this time, soybeans also need enough water to blossom and pod. There is a proverb in agriculture called "When soybeans bloom, shrimp is touched in the ditch". It is necessary to know the drought in time and water it in time.

At this time, in the Huanghuai Plain, summer maize is in the jointing and booting stage, and heading is about to take place, which is the most critical period for yield formation. Therefore, attention should be paid to the emergence of drought to ensure a bumper harvest.

Generally speaking, the summer season is the period with the most sunshine and the highest temperature in South China. It is also the most rainy period in western South China, the most common thunderstorm, the most concentrated period of high temperature above 30℃, and the most frequent period of high temperature above 35℃ in eastern South China. High temperature before and after the summer heat is a normal climate performance, which is beneficial to the flowering and filling of crops in Da Chun. However, excessive heat will inhibit the growth of crops, especially rice, which is likely to significantly reduce the seed setting rate under strong high temperature.

High temperature in summer is a period of frequent thunderstorms.

Water, heat and light are at the peak of the year after the western part of South China enters the dog days, which promote each other to some extent. This climate is very suitable for crop growth in Da Chun, but attention should also be paid to flood control and drainage. The situation in the eastern part of South China is different from that in the western part, with long sunshine time and little rain, which on the one hand limits the play of the advantages of light and heat, and on the other hand intensifies the adverse effects of summer drought on crops in Da Chun. In order to resist the summer drought, we should not only pay attention to water storage and moisture conservation in the early stage, but also improve crop cultivation techniques according to local climatic conditions to avoid disadvantages.

Jasmine lotus blooms in hot summer, and the fragrance of jasmine is refreshing. The hotter the weather, the stronger the fragrance, giving people a clean and fragrant feeling. Lotus is noble and clean, not afraid of hot sun and showers, gathering at dusk and opening in the morning. The poet praised it as "a unique red lotus reflecting the sun", and the vibrant midsummer gave birth to a bumper harvest.