What contribution did Tu Shoukai make to manned spaceflight project?

Tu Shoukai, 19 17 12.5 was born in an employee's family in Huzhou, Zhejiang. In middle school, he studied hard with the ideal of "saving the country through work-study programs 12", and his grades were among the best. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, when he was studying in Tsinghua University, he witnessed the atrocities of the Japanese aggressors' plane rampaging and bombing innocent people. He had a strong desire to learn aircraft manufacturing and design his own aircraft to resist the invasion of enemy planes, so he transferred from the mechanical department to the newly opened aviation department and took a new aviation professional course. 194 1 in the summer of, Tu Shouhua was admitted to Tsinghua with excellent results, became a public student studying in the United States, entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study aviation engineering, and obtained a master's degree in aviation engineering.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Tu Shoukai, with new hope and passion for serving his country, resigned as an engineer at the Curtis Aircraft Factory in Buffalo and resolutely returned home. However, the Kuomintang government launched a civil war, which ruined Tu Shoukai's dream of establishing an aviation industry. He devoted his ambition to serving the country to training aviation talents, taught at National Southwest Associated University and offered aviation courses. /kloc-in 0/947, he contacted party member in Tsinghua University, absorbed progressive ideas and embarked on the revolutionary road. /kloc-at the end of 0/948, in the dark hours before dawn, Tu Shoue secretly joined the China * * * production party, and since then he has devoted his life to the party's cause more consciously. After the liberation of Peiping, Tu Shoukai taught in Tsinghua University and Beijing Aviation Institute successively, and served as vice provost, dean and assistant dean. He devoted great enthusiasm to aviation education in new China and trained the first generation of aviation professionals.

1February, 957, Marshal Nie personally ordered Tu Shoukai to be transferred to the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. This is a major turning point in his life, and he has been closely linked with space since then. He later recalled: "I didn't think much at that time. I just obey the organization's distribution, study from scratch and make contributions to the national defense cause. Our generation is like this, regardless of personal gains and losses, not for a personal goal, but for the cause that the motherland needs in obscurity. "

Tu Shoukai took a new job with confidence, presided over the research on the structural strength and overall rocket, and began the exploration and practice without data and drawings, creating conditions for learning and marching into a brand-new job. 1September, 957, as an adviser to the China government delegation led by Marshal Nie, he went to Moscow to participate in the negotiations, prompting the Soviet Union to provide rocket technical assistance, and China started the imitation of the first P-2 missile. From 65438 to 0960, the Soviet Union tore up the contract, withdrew experts and suspended technical assistance, which brought serious difficulties to China's fledgling space industry. Under such circumstances, Tu Shouyi said forcefully: "I don't believe we can't do what others can do." Thanks to the efforts of him and the vast number of scientific and technological personnel, he worked hard and became self-reliant, and soon broke through the imitation barrier and turned to the development stage of independent design.

196 1 year, Tu Shoukai was appointed as the vice president of the first branch of the Fifth Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, and soon became the director of the overall design department. As an assistant to President Qian Xuesen, he was fully responsible for the technical grasp of missile development, initiated missile modification design and technical research, and successively presided over the development of various types of strategic missiles and launch vehicles.

1in March, 962, the first medium-and short-range missile designed by our country crashed in the first flight test, and all the scientific and technological personnel were heartbroken and disappointed for a time. Under the leadership of Qian Xuesen, Tu Shoukai was ordered to analyze and find out the reasons for the failure. He assisted Sara, the chief designer, guided designers to conduct comprehensive research, simulated and analyzed various environments, made hundreds of sub-systems and overall experiments, and after a lot of data processing, repeated comparison, analysis and synthesis, found out the reasons, took measures to improve missile design, and finally broke through the technical difficulties. 1On June 29th, 964, this self-designed missile was successfully launched again. Later, this medium-and short-range missile named "Dongfeng" 2 was successfully launched eight times in a row.

1in March, 1965, the state decided to get China's intercontinental missiles out as soon as possible, requiring 197 1 year test flight and 1973 finalization. Tu Shoukai served as the chief designer of intercontinental missiles, and soon came up with the design scheme of intercontinental missiles. In the development, he boldly adopted all kinds of latest technologies, especially platform computer guidance system, high-reliability large rocket engine, high-strength aluminum-copper alloy box structure, precision electro-hydraulic servo mechanism and so on. To make intercontinental missiles reach an advanced level in carrying capacity, guidance accuracy and reliability. In the final assembly test of 100 days, he always insisted on the first line, handled the waiting problem in time, and ensured the reliable quality. 197 1 Before the missile was launched, the Prime Minister asked with concern, "General Tu, do you think this missile can be launched?" Tu Shoukai replied without hesitation: "We have done all the work that should be done, and its performance is not bad at present." We believe that this missile, as the first test launch, should be tested as soon as possible in order to further test our design and find out the shortcomings. "In September, the first flight test of the first intercontinental missile was basically successful. However, because the Cultural Revolution disturbed the normal order, Tu Shoukai and many experts were impacted, and the whole flight test of intercontinental missiles was seriously affected. Tu Shoukai was tempered and tested in the storm of the Cultural Revolution. During the period of criticism, he insisted on going to work every day, burying his head in his work, checking materials, reviewing drawings, doing experiments, calculating data and putting forward new suggestions for improvement. Even in the criticism meeting, he held his breath, kept calm, checked the data or thought about the plan in his mind, and made major design changes to improve reliability. 1975, 1 1 In June, a recoverable satellite was successfully launched by the Long March II carrier rocket modified by this missile. Tu Shoukai was delighted with the fruits of his hard work.

1On May 9th, 980, Xinhua News Agency announced that China would conduct a long-range rocket test in the scheduled waters of the South Pacific, which attracted worldwide attention. Tu Shoukai waited for 9 years for this test flight and worked hard for 9 years. In these nine years, he spent countless sleepless nights, often going deep into the development and testing work site, carefully analyzing and solving various newly discovered technical problems at any time, and never letting go of any detail. In order to improve the reliability of the rocket and solve some technical keys of the rocket, he went deep into various scientific research and experimental bases, the north and south of the river and the desert plateau, leaving his hard footprints everywhere. Tens of thousands of parts on an intercontinental missile must all be in good working condition, and even if one contact point fails, the launch may fail. Tu Shoukai and the staff of each post conducted a rigorous inspection and found several redundant copper wires, which ruled out any hidden dangers before launch. Even on the train that led the team to Jiuquan launch base, he was still thinking about every scheme decision, every technical measure, every weak link ... At the launch base, he was busy checking in front of the missile test position and launch position, careful and meticulous, and never let go of a doubt. When the intercontinental missile was erected on the launch pad, he even climbed the tens-meter-high tower for the final imminent inspection, regardless of the fatigue for several days in a row, and confidently wrote the fateful word "ready to launch". When this intercontinental missile roared off, crossed the equator and hit the intended target thousands of miles away accurately, the name Tu Shoue also spread all over the world and gained a worldwide reputation.

When people celebrated the success of intercontinental missile launch, Tu Shoukai, as the chief designer, quietly devoted himself to new work, analyzing and studying the data reported by all parties, calmly thinking about those unsolved problems and exploring new goals. He doesn't like fame, he doesn't like publicity, he doesn't care about flowers applauding, praising and congratulating, he is willing to keep a straight face, and he is willing to contribute silently. He is just thinking about how to finalize the intercontinental missile as soon as possible and how to turn it into a spacecraft. According to the needs of satellite launch, he also presided over the adaptability improvement of the Long March II rocket to improve its carrying capacity and technical performance. On this basis, he successfully developed the "Long March" C-2 launch vehicle. Since 1982 was put into use, scientific experimental satellites and land survey satellites have been successfully launched for more than ten times in a row. It has played an important role in people's economic construction.

Based on the national high-tech development strategy, Tu Shoukai studied the huge economic benefits that the development of space technology will bring, which can greatly promote economic development. Therefore, he suggested that we should make up our minds to develop space technology as early as when we set up our own workstation in Antarctica. He convincingly listed the great benefits of developing satellites in popularizing national education, conducting a comprehensive national census, accurately forecasting weather and conducting space production, and put forward strategies and ways to further develop space technology. During the period of 1986, he supported the idea of young aerospace experts to develop large thrust bundled rockets, and thought that on the basis of China's existing technological achievements, adopting advanced bundled technology was the best way to develop large-scale launch vehicles with high speed and low investment. Thanks to everyone's efforts, China's launch vehicle technology has made a leap forward, and its near-earth orbit carrying capacity has tripled, which has opened up broad prospects for space development and international commercial launch.

Tu Shoukai has made outstanding contributions to the development of space technology in China. But for such brilliant achievements, he never highlighted his consistent mentality and said modestly, "I just joined the work a little early and got the opportunity to put me in this position." Others will achieve such achievements. I don't think I have done anything great. " After retiring from the post of chief designer, he became a senior technical consultant, but he never said the word "retired", and still painted a magnificent blueprint for China Aerospace. As early as 1990, after the "Long March II" bundled rocket was successfully developed and launched, he talked passionately about the future of China's space flight: "Based on China's existing technical foundation, it is not too late to put a manned spacecraft into orbit with a little improvement." Sure enough, Tu Shoukai made suggestions for the manned spaceflight project, and the "Shenzhou" experimental spacecraft has roamed the sky.

The road to heaven is long, and Tu Shoukai is still struggling on this road, and will certainly reach a more brilliant peak.