What about the Northern War?

1700- 172 1 The Northern War was a war between Russia and Sweden for the Baltic Sea and its coastal areas. Sweden ruled the Baltic Sea for a long time. By the end of 17, the territorial disputes with neighboring countries such as Denmark, Poland and Russia had intensified. 1699, Russian czar Peter I, Danish king and Polish Saxony August II Fryderyk Moncny concluded the Treaty of War against Switzerland ("Northern Alliance"). Russia promised to start military operations after signing a treaty with Turkey. King Carl XII of Sweden took the strategy of divide and rule in view of the uncoordinated disadvantage of the anti-Swiss countries in strange bedfellows.

At the beginning of the war, Peter I's strategic policy was to capture the Baltic Sea, and the first target of the scheduled attack was the Swedish fortress Narwa. 1700 On September 2nd, Peter I led his troops from Moscow to Narwa, and Russian troops assembled outside Narwa to build parallel trenches. At the same time, August II Fryderyk Moncny marched into Livonia and surrounded Riga. Just as the Russian army began to besiege Narwa, August II Fryderyk Moncny lifted the siege of Riga, thus enabling Karl XII to lead an army of 8,000 people to rescue Narwa.

165438+1On October 30th, Karl XII suddenly appeared in Narwa, which completely surprised the Russian army. Compared with the firepower of the two sides, the Russian army has the advantage. However, the Russian army did not dare to go into battle rashly and did not move. /kloc-around 0/4, the Swiss army took the lead in attacking, and the two sides fought. Russian officers surrendered first, and the Russian army was defeated and retreated to Novgorod. After Narwa's defeat, Peter I learned from it, stepped up the establishment of a regular Lu Haijun, developed military industry and prepared for another war. Karl XII thought that the Russian army could not fight any more, so he led his troops into Poland on 170 1.

170 1 year, when the Swiss army moved to Poland, Russian Peter I attacked the Baltic coast again. 1702, Russian troops successively occupied Notteborg, Shantz, Yangborg and Coporet in Lv En. Built on the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the new capital. 1704, Russian troops captured Dolpat, Narwa and Ivan Gorid. 1705, a Russian army entered Poland. 1706, the Swedish army occupied Saxony, and August II Fryderyk Moncny was forced to give up the Polish throne for peaceful defeat. After that, Russia and Switzerland failed to make peace, and the two sides were ready to fight again.

1707 to 65438+ 10, the basic spirit of Peter I's battle plan was: Russian troops retreated strategically from Poland to Russia, lured the enemy deep, harassed, consumed and exhausted the enemy with small battles, and fought a decisive battle in Russia as appropriate. Carl XII's battle plan is to concentrate the main force to attack in the direction of Smolensk-Moscow, and strive to fight the Russian army in the Russian border area and annihilate it in one fell swoop.

/kloc-in the autumn of 0/707, Karl XII set out from Saxony to March eastward into Russia, and the Russian troops in Poland immediately withdrew to their homeland. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/708, Swiss troops occupied Grodno, crossed the Berezna River in June, and annihilated a Russian army near Golov Qin in July. Russian border city Mogilev surrendered. Peter I's practice of clearing the field during the March of the Swiss army caused great difficulties to the Swiss army, which made it give up attacking Smolensk and turn to Ukraine to wait for reinforcements, and expected the anti-Russian Cossack leader Mazepa to cooperate. 17081010.9, Peter I annihilated Swedish reinforcements in Yacun, leissner, and then attacked Batulin, the base of Mazepa. After winter, the weather was extremely cold, and the Swiss army was forced to go south in the following spring. After the Swiss army entered Ukraine, it spent the winter in Romena, Kagachi, Priluki and Lokovica. Russian troops stationed in chernigov, Kiev, Pereslav and poltava surrounded the Swiss army from the north, west and south, and constantly harassed the enemy with small-scale battles.

1in the spring of 709, Karl XII decided to attack Moscow via Kharkov and Belgorod. Therefore, he arrived at the strategic location of poltava at the end of April. On May 1 1, the Swiss army began to besiege poltava, which lasted for more than two months and still failed. On July 6th, Peter I led the Russian main force to the north of Yakovce village, 5 kilometers away from poltava, occupied the position and decided to fight it out with the Swiss army.

At 2 am on July 8, 32,000 Swiss troops fought a fierce battle with 42,000 Russian troops. The Swiss army launched a battle formation and began to attack. Russian troops met cavalry for the first time. At 03: 00, the two sides fought fiercely in the frontier position, and the Russian army relied on fortifications to contain and kill the enemy, which bought time for the Russian army's main attack. At 4 o'clock, the Russian main force is ready to attack. The Swiss army's attack was blocked, and one of them fled to the forest of poltava, where he was pursued by the Russian army's Mensh Chikov department. The other part was evacuated to the forest in front of the Russian position. At 0900 hours, after a brief engagement after redeployment, the two sides immediately engaged in hand-to-hand combat. The right wing of the Swiss army once broke through the central part of the Russian army, and the Russian army carried out a powerful anti-assault to block the gap. Russian cavalry attacked the two wings of the Swiss army, posing a threat to its rear; The Swiss army wavered between retreat and escape. 1 1, the Swiss army suffered nearly 10,000 casualties and captured thousands. On July 1 1 day, about16,000 remnants of the Swiss army surrendered in Wallachia without fighting, and Karl XII fled into Turkey with Mazepa and a few followers.

The Battle of poltava was a turning point in the Northern War. Since then, Denmark and Saxony resumed their alliance with Russia, August II Fryderyk Moncny returned to the Polish throne, and Prussia and Hanover joined the Northern Alliance. 17 10, Russian troops successively seized Riga, Reval, Viborg, Golm, Kekessz and Elsel Island along the Baltic Sea.

After poltava War, the relationship between Russia and Turkey became tense again. Carl XII, who fled to Turkey, encouraged the Turkish government to declare war on Russia. In view of the shortage of troops in the southern line, Peter I decided to stop attacking in the Baltic Sea and turn his main force to the southern line, planning a surprise attack on Turkey from the Balkans. 17 1 1 In the summer of, Peter I led more than 40,000 Russian troops and went to the lower reaches of the Danube alone. Turkey dispatched 654.38+million troops, and with the cooperation of the Crimean army, surrounded the Russian army on the banks of the Kinrut River. On July 20, the two sides fought fiercely, the Russian army ran out of ammunition and food, and Peter I was forced to make peace. In the end, Peter I reached an armistice agreement with Turkey at the expense of returning the Azov Sea and its vicinity. After the war against Turkey, the Russian army resumed its attack on Sweden.

17 13 years, with the cooperation of the fleet, Russian troops landed between Viborg and Helsinki on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, connecting many cities in Finland. 17 14 in the summer, the Russian navy launched a naval battle with the Swedish fleet near Hanko Point at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland. On August 7, after two hours of fierce fighting, the Russian navy defeated the Swedish fleet.

After the naval battle at Hankou Point, the Russian fleet occupied the Alain Islands, a springboard between Finland and Sweden, and landed in Sweden. At this time, the Allies were worried about Russia's expansion in the Baltic Sea, which disrupted Russia's plan to land in southern Sweden. In addition, Britain began to exert pressure, and all Russian allies successively negotiated peace with Sweden. 17 18, Russia and Switzerland also started peace talks, but Carl XII was shot dead at the front line in Norway, and the new queen of Sweden refused to negotiate under the influence of Britain. The negotiations broke down and the war broke out again.

1720, the Russian navy defeated the Swedish fleet near Graham Island and landed on the Swedish coast several times, reaching the capital Stockholm. 172 1 In the summer of, the Russian navy defeated the Swedish fleet again. In September, Sweden was unable to fight again. Russia and Switzerland signed a peace treaty in Nistad, Finland, ending the war. Russia seized a part of Karelia and large areas of land such as Ingelman, Estelin and Livran. At the same time, Russian troops withdrew from other parts of Finland and returned the Alain Islands to Sweden. Since then, Russians have been free to enter the Baltic Sea. After the war, the Privy Council of Russia honored Peter I as "the Great", and Tsarist Russia was officially called "Russian Empire", and since then it has become one of the European powers.

Although the Northern War was a multinational war, Tsar Peter I was not only one of the protagonists of the war, but also the biggest winner. Marx called this war "the war of Peter the Great".

Peter I regarded war as the main means of aggression and expansion. He believes that it is necessary to open the Baltic Sea estuary by military means and further advance westward and southward. At the same time, he attached great importance to the close cooperation between diplomatic struggle and military struggle. No matter before or during the war, he tried his best to piece together military alliances and try to isolate the enemy to the maximum extent; Backed by the military, the enemy was forced to accept Russia's armistice conditions. Facing the attack of two big enemies (Turkey and Sweden), we try to avoid fighting on two fronts. He is good at observing the changes of the situation and implementing strategic changes according to the new situation. In the direction of war, Peter I advocated offensive strategy and emphasized active attack on enemy territory. When a strong enemy invades, it can retreat in big strides, which plays a role in strategic defense. Finally, deus ex. He attaches great importance to the decisive role of fighting, but he doesn't use it easily. He's sure to do it, and he's used to fighting with small ones. In the construction of Lu Haijun, Peter I paid attention to drawing lessons from the experience of advanced western countries, and at the same time attached importance to combining the specific situation of Russia and paying attention to practical results. Peter I's thought and practice of fighting and building the army had a far-reaching impact on the development of Russian military.

Sweden's war potential is not as strong as Russia's. Sweden's hegemonic policy has attracted opposition from the Baltic countries and made too many enemies. In addition, after the Battle of Potava, the Swiss army went far from the rear and went deep into the enemy's hinterland alone, making a reckless mistake, which led to the annihilation of the whole army.