Is the technical content of growing pepper in greenhouse high?

Pepper is nutritious, delicious and spicy, which can promote appetite and help digestion. At the same time, Chili powder is widely used as an ingredient, and green peppers can be fried and pickled, which is an indispensable vegetable on the table of consumers. Pepper production in our province can be produced and supplied year by year, and the planting area increases year by year with the expansion of solar greenhouse area.

In terms of cultivation techniques, it is necessary to highlight the breeding of improved varieties, cultivate strong seedlings, apply more organic fertilizers, improve soil fertility, realize the balance between supply and demand of fertility, and lay a good foundation for high yield. Improve the structure of solar greenhouse, improve the performance of greenhouse facilities, scientifically coordinate environmental factors such as heat, water, fertilizer and gas as far as possible, promote reproductive growth and nutritional growth in the growth process, and prevent pests and diseases in time to achieve the production goal of high yield and high quality.

I. Requirements for environmental conditions

(1) Temperature: Pepper has different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 20-30℃, and it cannot germinate below 65438 05℃. The upper limit temperature of seedling stage is 38℃, the lower limit temperature is 10℃, the optimum temperature is 28℃, the upper limit temperature is 38℃, the lower limit temperature is 8℃, the optimum temperature is 30℃, the night temperature is kept at 18-20℃, the upper limit temperature is 35℃ and the lower limit temperature is 12℃ after seedling stage. The upper ground temperature is 25℃, the lower ground temperature is 13℃, and the optimum ground temperature is 18-20℃. This temperature limit is especially important for flower bud differentiation, flowering and pollination and pollen movement, especially in cloudy weather. Plants below 15℃ grow slowly, and pollination is difficult. Plants above 35℃ are easy to drop flowers, the stigma is easy to dry up and cannot be fertilized, or forced fertilization is avoided, and the fruit is poor. The temperature difference during the whole growth period must be controlled within 65438 05℃. For the production of long-winter crops, especially if the harvest can be started before the Spring Festival, it is necessary to adopt a new greenhouse structure, increase the sunshine and increase the heat preservation measures, and the minimum temperature should not be lower than 12℃.

(2) Illumination: Pepper is not sensitive to the length of sunshine, but it blooms and bears fruit early and quickly under the sunshine of 10- 12 hours, with the light saturation point of 30,000-40,000 lux and the compensation point of1500-2,000 lux. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, it belongs to weak light crops.

(3) Moisture: Pepper is neither drought-tolerant nor waterlogging-tolerant, so it is better to properly control moisture at seedling stage to promote its rooting, prevent its white growth, and keep the ground dry and moist after flowering.

(4) Requirements for soil and nutrients: Pepper is suitable for planting in neutral or acidic soil (pH 5.6-6.8), with fertile soil, good ventilation and low total salt content. The ratio of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium is 1: 0.5: 1. The demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in full fruit stage is 57%, 6 1% and 69% of the total demand in the whole growth period respectively. The spicy taste of pepper is affected by the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. More nitrogen, less phosphorus and less potassium make the pungency low: less nitrogen, more phosphorus and more potassium make the pungency strong, and the nutrient requirements are roughly 5. 19 kg nitrogen,10.07 kg phosphorus and 6.46 kg potassium per 1000 kg pepper.

Second, variety selection

(1) Jiamusi long pepper: The plant is tall and strong in branching. Generally, the plant height 120 cm, and the spreading degree is about 50 cm. There are many peppers, and the fruit is trumpet-shaped, with a length of 15 cm and a transverse diameter of about 3 cm. Dark color, thick pulp, moderate spicy taste and good storage and transportation resistance. Medium maturity and high yield, 2000-3000 kg per mu. It is the main variety in Baiyin city and performs well in solar greenhouse.

(2) Pig large intestine: medium growth, loose shape, plant height of 95 cm, spreading degree of 55 cm, inflorescence starting from 10. The fruit is long and conical, thick and curved, wrinkled like a pig's large intestine, and the weight of a single fruit is100-200g. The pulp is thick, spicy, medium-to-high, medium-ripe and high-yield, with an average of 2000-4000 kg per mu. It is one of the main cultivated varieties in Hexi area of Gansu Province.

(3) Longjiao 2: an early-maturing vegetable hybrid selected by Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Strong growth potential, plant height 80 cm, plant width 70 cm, claw-shaped fruit, beautiful fruit shape, fruit length 25cm, fruit width 3cm, single fruit weight 35 g, wrinkled fruit, green color, spicy taste and good quality. The content of VC is 158.4mg/ 100g fresh weight, which has good commodity, virus resistance and epidemic disease resistance. Generally, the yield per mu is about 4000 kilograms. Suitable for protected land and open field cultivation in northwest China.

Third, stubble arrangement

A few years ago, due to the limitation of insufficient light and temperature in low temperature season and the influence of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, pepper production in solar greenhouse was mainly in winter and spring, that is, seedling raising in severe winter season (11-65438+February), sowing before spring (February-March) and harvesting in April. With the popularization of the second-generation greenhouse and the improvement of the lighting and heat preservation performance of the greenhouse, the seedling raising of one crop of pepper is advanced to the first ten days of 10, the planting is carried out in the first ten days of 1 month, and the harvest is started in the first ten days of March. If the greenhouse conditions are good, seedlings can be raised in late August or early September, sown in the middle and late June of 65438+ 10, and harvested before and after the Spring Festival. At the same time, tomato stubble, melon stubble and melon stubble pepper are gradually popularized in autumn.

4. Pepper, like other fruits and vegetables, has differentiated certain vegetative organs and reproductive organs at the seedling stage, and cultivating strong seedlings is the basis for realizing early maturity and high yield. Vegetable farmers say that "50% of seedlings are harvested" is the truth.

(1) Determination of sowing date: In order to win the early market of pepper in winter and spring, it is necessary to cultivate large seedlings with long seedling age, which can be controlled at about 100 days, and the suitable sowing date of pepper in winter and spring in Gansu is 65438+1early October. The suitable sowing date should be in the first half of 10. Sow the spring crop in February, 165438+ 10.

(2) Seed treatment and seed soaking to accelerate germination: The amount of seed used per mu is generally 20-75g, depending on the seedling raising method and germination rate. Drying seeds is an auxiliary measure to improve germination rate and germination. Exposure for one day.

Accelerating germination: Usually, two seeds are mixed with hot water at 54℃. After cooling, the seeds are immediately put in and stirred continuously. When the water temperature drops to about 30℃, pour out the excess water (it is advisable to submerge the seeds) and soak for 6-7 hours. Then clean the mucus on the seed coat with coarse cloth. According to the experience of Jilin Agricultural Technology Station, it is better to use 1% kinds of baking soda to rub and clean. After that, put the seeds into gauze bags (pay attention to make the bags bigger when turning them over, so that they germinate quickly and neatly), bury them in wet sawdust pots and put them in warm places to accelerate germination. It is advisable to control the temperature at 28-30℃, and it is best to change the temperature, that is, the optimum temperature for 16- 18 hours is 25-30℃, and the low temperature for 16-20℃, 6-8 hours, or 30℃ for 8 hours and 20℃/kloc-0. Wash the seeds with clear water every morning and evening. After about 5-6 days, we need to broadcast a few pills when it first appears. If you are not ready for sowing at this time, or the weather is bad, you can move the germination pot to the cold place of 16- 13℃ for "squatting buds".

(3) The nutrient soil and the fertilizer in the nursery must be fully fermented and decomposed, and attention should be paid to the coordination of the three. In order to improve clay land, organic fertilizer and sand should be applied to increase soil permeability and promote root system development.

(4) Seeding method: seedling is raised in a flat bed, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out before sowing, bottom water is poured, fine soil with a thickness of 3-5 mm is screened out after water permeates, and then sowing is carried out. Add a small amount of dry sand to the soaked seeds to accelerate germination and gently stir evenly. Sowing requires about 15g dry seeds per square meter. After sowing, cover with 2 mm fine soil and plastic film to increase temperature and keep moisture, which is beneficial to seedling emergence. Cultivating an acre of land requires 45 grams of seeds and 3 cubic meters of nursery area.

(5) Post-sowing management

1, greenhouse management: According to the changes of weather temperature and seedling growth, scientific temperature management of Peking Opera is one of the basic measures to cultivate strong seedlings. No ventilation after sowing, try to keep warm at night before emergence, and keep the ground temperature above 15℃, preferably around 20℃, to promote early emergence. After all the seedlings are out, remove the plastic film. From full seedlings to real leaves, increase the illumination time, properly ventilate and cool down. The maximum temperature during the day should not exceed 30℃, and then cover the curtain after cooling to 20℃ in the afternoon. Before opening the curtain the next day, keep the room temperature at about 65,438+05℃ and the ground temperature at about 20℃ to promote the development of root system and prevent the above-ground part from being white ("neck pulling"). In order to make the first real leaf grow smoothly, the temperature should be raised at night, and the high temperature should be controlled at 30℃ during the day, and the curtains should be controlled at 22℃ in the afternoon. At the same time, ventilation exercise should be started. Before noon, the ventilation area was adjusted from small to large, and gradually from large to small in the afternoon, and ventilation was stopped when the room temperature dropped to 20℃. Pay attention to prevent the cold wind from blowing directly. If it is found that the blades start to rise soon after ventilation, it means that the ventilation is too strong, and the ventilation volume should be reduced, which depends on the ground temperature. If the ground temperature is close to or lower than 13℃ when the curtain is opened in the morning, the ventilation time should be appropriately delayed, and the room temperature should be raised to accumulate heat in the soil. Cooling down properly 2-3 days before transplanting, and the lowest temperature in the morning should be above 13℃. Its purpose is to delay growth, accumulate nutrients, strengthen exercise, and create conditions for delaying seedlings after transplanting.

2. Covering soil, thinning seedlings and spraying water: The original covering soil is very shallow when planting in the flat border, and a layer of fine soil (3-5mm) should be added when the buds just top the soil to facilitate the seed hulling. Interplanting is carried out at the top of the first true leaf. Pull out the seedlings that are too dense and too weak, and control the spacing at 2.5-3 cm. Gently press with your fingers at the gap at the root of the edge, and spray water once after the seedlings are separated to prevent "hanging seedlings". Generally, the seedlings planted on the substrate disc are not interspersed, but they need to be sprayed every 4-6 days. No, it is necessary to master the principle of seeing dry and seeing wet, that is, dry the surface of the substrate before spraying it, and spray it thoroughly. Spraying a mixed nutrient solution of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% urea every two times (flat border seedlings can also be sprayed). Turn the board at any time (change the position back and forth) so that the seedlings can grow healthily and orderly.

(6) Transplanting: The root regeneration ability of pepper seedlings is much weaker than that of tomatoes. Transplanting should be done early, and the root system should be damaged as little as possible, so as not to affect the slow seedlings, the robust growth of seedlings and the differentiation of flower buds, resulting in early flowering and reducing yield and income.

1. seedbed: the transplanting seedbed needs 10× 10cm of nutrient area, and it needs 10㎡ per thousand seedlings. Soil preparation and fertilization can refer to sowing seedlings for entertainment, but the amount of fertilization should be increased, especially some available nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, in order to facilitate seedling growth and flower bud differentiation. Apply 6-7 kg of decomposed mixed soil fertilizer and 40-50 g of diammonium phosphate per square meter, turn them into the soil, mix them evenly, rake them evenly, and water them for planting.

2. Seedling raising: All the efforts before planting were in vain-it took 2 days to water. In winter, the seedlings should be watered with warm water above 16℃ to avoid lowering the ground temperature and damaging the roots. Bring overnight soil when raising seedlings to help slow down seedlings.

3. Seeding: Pull the wires according to the row spacing of 10cm, pick a vertical ditch along the line with a putty knife or shovel, evenly arrange the seedlings with homestead or soilless seedlings according to the row spacing of 10cm, lay the roots, stabilize the seedlings with a little soil (not too deep), and then drip rooting water into the ditch with a kettle, and cover the soil evenly after the water permeates. After planting row by row, finally, drop water again between rows to soak the topsoil to promote the delay of emergence.

Transplanting should be done in sunny days. When the sun is strong, the seedlings should be covered with flower curtains (that is, once every once in a while) for about 3 days, but the curtains should still be opened in the shade and around noon to see more sunshine. After planting the seedlings, the new mulch film or the washed old mulch film can be cut into strips slightly wider than the row spacing, and covered in the forward direction, which plays a very good role in preserving moisture, drip and promoting the vigorous growth of seedlings.

(7) post-transplant management

1. Tempering and brightening: After transplanting, there is no ventilation in the slow seedling stage (3-5 days), which provides a high-temperature and humid environment for rooting and slow seedlings. Later, due to the stronger adaptability of seedlings than before transplanting, the change of ventilation rate and the rhythm of temperature adjustment accelerated, reaching 22-25℃ during the day and 20- 13℃ at night. If it is found that the ground temperature is low, the temperature at noon should be raised appropriately to increase the ground temperature. 5-7 days before planting, it is necessary to increase the ventilation and extend the exposure time for low-temperature exercise. The maximum temperature during the day will drop below 23℃ and the minimum temperature at night will drop to 10- 18℃ to adapt to planting.

From transplanting to planting, it is short sunshine and low temperature, and the illumination time in the greenhouse is short, and the illumination intensity is mostly below the saturation point. Therefore, attention should be paid to improving the light environment so that the growth and development of seedlings and flower bud differentiation can proceed smoothly.

Insufficient light will lead to overgrowth of plants and poor development of flower organs, which will have a negative impact on yield. The main measures to improve the light environment are as follows: under the premise of optimizing the wet structure and making full and reasonable use of solar energy, PVC film with good light transmittance will be selected and cleaned frequently to keep the film surface clean (according to the measurement, the light transmittance will be reduced by 8-23% when there is dust and grass clippings on the film surface); Open the straw curtain as early as possible and cover it as late as possible to see more sunshine, even in cold and snowy days.

2. Water and fertilizer management: after slow sowing, drip water again when the topsoil is dry. In the future, it is necessary to properly control watering, intertillage and loosen the soil, squat seedlings to promote root development, and water until the third to fourth true leaves of seedlings expand. During this period, if the soil moisture is still good, the lower leaves of the plant wilt at noon, and water can be replenished by spraying after a sunny morning. In addition, if nutrition deficiency is found, pepper nutrient solution can be sprayed, or mixed nutrient solution of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% urea can be sprayed for topdressing for 2-3 times.

3. Seedling storage: 5-7 days before planting, water the seedlings once, cut into pieces according to plant spacing, and put them neatly in the seedbed. Cover the surrounding soil, store seedlings, and use flower curtains to prevent seedlings from wilting. After recovery, continue to see the light. After seedling storage combined with ventilation exercise, seedlings can be stronger and send out new roots. When planting, they will not loosen and slow down.

V. Colonization

Generally, the seedlings bred in late August of 10 to early October of 10 have a seedling stage of 50-60 days. The later the seedling is raised, the longer the seedling stage is. The seedlings bred in 2- 1 month of 100 days are generally 80- 100 days.

(1) Soil preparation, fertilization and soil preparation: After deep ploughing and soil drying, the soil-borne disease field will be covered with plastic film 7- 15 days in advance, the room temperature will be increased by more than 50℃, and the high temperature will be disinfected for one week, and 5,000 kilograms of farm manure and 150-200 kilograms of oil residue will be applied per mu. First, spread 2/3 farmyard manure in an all-round way, and mix the manure evenly through shallow tillage; The remaining 1/3 farm manure and oil residue were applied in the planting area in a centralized way in a furrow spacing of 1.2m, and then soil was divided from the middle of the two furrows to both sides to make a high ridge with an upper width of 70-75cm and a height of 15cm, and then two rows of shallow furrows were opened at the edge of the ridge with a spacing of 50cm.

(2) Planting density: The planting density of pepper is relatively high, with 4,000-3,300 plants per mu. When raising seedlings, the nutritional area is calculated as 10× 12cm, with two trees per hole. When planting, make large and small ridges and ditches according to wide and narrow rows, and the row spacing is 80-50×40cm (double seedlings). Large plant varieties can also increase the row spacing to 100cm.

(3) Planting method: It is best to choose sunny weather and plant it from morning to afternoon. According to the plant spacing, dig holes in the shallow ditch with pre-poured bottom water in the T-shaped head, and the depth is flush with the border surface. Apply 30 kilograms of diammonium phosphate per mu between plants, and pour thoroughly rooting water. After the water seeps down, soil is taken from the middle of the ridge to seal the ditch, so that a shallow ditch is formed between two rows of spicy seedlings on the ridge surface, which is convenient for irrigation under the film in the future. After delaying the seedlings, cover them with plastic film and dig out the seedlings.

VI. Post-colonial management

(1) temperature management: after planting, in order to promote the slow growth of seedlings, it is necessary to protect the high temperature and high humidity environment, prevent ventilation during the day and cover the curtain early, and raise the room temperature to 28-30℃ to facilitate heat storage. However, the maximum temperature should not exceed 30℃, otherwise it will adversely affect fruit setting and fruit development.

The temperature at night should be controlled at about 23-20℃ to 65438 08℃ according to the specific situation of curtain covering until 22 o'clock at night, so as to promote the operation of photosynthetic products. When the curtain is lifted the next day, the minimum temperature is limited to 15℃, and sometimes there may be a short-term low temperature around 10℃.

In1-March, the light time is short and the accumulated temperature is difficult, but the accumulated temperature of large seedlings is high. We can accumulate ground temperature by using less outdoor air or no outdoor air and supplementing carbon dioxide. At the same time, we can add a layer of reflective film on the back wall and a layer of grass curtain on the front slope at night (coldest time). Reduce the incidence of room temperature below 13℃.

As the weather gets warmer, the ventilation will gradually increase. If the problem cannot be solved by top ventilation alone, the bottom air will be released. When planting in the open field, it is not necessary to cover the curtain. Ventilation should also be carried out when the lowest outdoor temperature is stable at 65438 05℃ at night. In addition, once the sun burn is found on the fruit, it is necessary to put down the grass curtain for shading 1-2 hours at noon when the light is strongest.

(2) Topdressing and watering

1, topdressing: the law of fertilizer requirement of pepper is similar, and the fertilizer requirement at seedling stage is not large, mainly concentrated at fruiting stage. During the whole fruiting period, nitrogen absorbed accounted for 57% of the total, and phosphorus and potassium accounted for 665, 438+0% and 69% respectively. Before the fruit is set in the corner, not only the plants keep growing, but also the second and third layers of fruits (diagonal and Simenkou) are expanding and growing, and flowers and fruits are set on them one after another, which is the key period of topdressing. When the sweet pepper grows to about 3cm, the first topdressing combined with watering will irrigate about 2000kg of decomposed manure or 20kg of ammonium nitrate per mu. After that, according to the situation, water 2-3 times each time, chase the fertilizer once, and apply the right amount several times.

2. Watering: sit in the bottom water before planting, water the slow seedlings when planting, and then spray them on the leaves every day to speed up the slow seedlings. When planting in early winter, slow seedlings with good bottom moisture can squat directly without watering; For those planted before spring, after delaying the emergence of seedlings, secretly water 1-2 times in the shallow ditch under the film, and then squat down the seedlings until the peppers swell and grow, and formally water them for the first time in sunny days with top dressing. Later, according to the growth and weather changes, water with small water frequently. Pepper is not suitable for flooding and uneven drought and flood. Excessive drought and sudden watering will cause flowers, fruits and leaves to fall off. It is necessary to keep the soil in a proper moist state and create a soil environment that is neither short of water nor loose and ventilated for the growth and development of pepper.

At present, drip irrigation equipment is the best way to supply water and fertilize pepper. After entering the initial harvest period, only one side of water is enough every day, and the method of supplying water and fertilizer at the same time is adopted. The fertilizer supply amount is converted according to the picking amount, and is evenly added into the water through the fertilizer applicator. If infected plants are found, they can be controlled by applying pesticides locally in the root zone of drip irrigation.

(3) Photorespiratory inhibition and hormone application

Sodium bisulfite is a cheap indirect photorespiration inhibitor. Spraying 4-8g( 120-240ppm) per mu only takes 0. 1-0.2 yuan. It should be used after the sweet pepper bears fruit, and sprayed once every 7 days for 4 times, with the concentration first low and then high. The general output is increased by about 20%.

The low temperature in the early flowering period of pepper in solar greenhouse is easy to drop flowers, which will reduce the yield and bring trouble to the later management. Therefore, it is necessary to spray flowers with 25-30ppm of tomato essence in order to protect flowers, promote fruits and promote growth.

Seven, selection, preservation, storage and transportation

The principle of picking period is to keep the highest and best picking quantity under the principle of ensuring quality, so as to ensure the best economic benefits. When there is a short-term high-priced market, some people take the practice of fishing in dry rivers, which is generally not good and it is best not to use it. The amount of fruit hanging can adjust the rise and fall of plants. Of course, if the weather forecast is cloudy, you can also pick fruits in advance, so that plants can accumulate certain nutrients to tide over the difficulties and ensure that the next stage will blossom and bear fruit in advance.

Controlling temperature is the most basic condition for fresh-keeping and storage of pepper. Suitable storage temperature is 9- 12℃, chilling injury temperature is 8-9℃, and suitable relative humidity is 90-95%. Therefore, plastic packaging is better to prevent water loss. Modified atmosphere storage with PVC or PE plastic bags can inhibit the transformation of after-ripening nutrients and respiratory intensity, so as to achieve fresh-keeping, green-protecting, moisturizing and prolonging shelf life. If it is listed immediately after short-term transportation, it is generally better to use it in bulk, with large volume and small extrusion damage.