How were the artillery fired during the Napoleonic era? Could you please be more specific, how to load the bomb and where to ignite it at the end?

First of all, the remaining gunpowder must be cleaned up, usually after the war. However, the residual gunpowder cannot accumulate too much in the battle. An experienced gunner will judge whether it should be cleared during the battle.

After cleaning, charge the gun from the muzzle in the order of gunpowder → packing material → shell → packing material, and then push it into the innermost part.

The artillery at that time had many firing methods

In fact, the musket era was also divided into many eras, which can be seen by looking at the clothes. The artillery was also different in different periods:

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During the War of the Spanish Succession, the main items were ordinary half-robe military uniforms + wide-brim hats with accessories;

During the Seven Years' War or the War of Independence, the main items were half-robe military uniforms with edges and streamlines+ Triangular hat;

During the Napoleonic Wars, swallowtail military uniforms were mainly used, and there were many styles of hats, including bear fur, top hats, long hats, etc.;

During the Civil War, they began to be used Flat-hem military uniforms and hats vary from country to country, and large-brimmed hats have appeared in a few countries.

The Napoleonic Wars were from 1792 to 1815, which was the third era. At that time, artillery mainly had two firing methods

One was a flintlock like a musket, and modern artillery The general principle is similar, except that modern artillery fires by pulling a rod, but at that time, it was pulled by a rope. This type of artillery was relatively new at the time, and was only used by the more developed countries.

The second is to soak the potion in a beak-shaped handle, and then put it into the fuze hole to react with the gunpowder. This was first used in the Seven Years War. It was the main artillery at that time, especially Before 1804.

In addition, there are many more backward countries still using matchlock artillery.

The firing speed of artillery is unstable and mainly depends on the number of gun crew members, location, weather and other factors.

Since people often die on the battlefield, the gun crew members are not fixed. The ideal state is 6 people, but it is usually 3 to 4 people. When there is a shortage of troops, there are also two-person gun crews. Weather, terrain, and climate affect the reset time after each shot.

Under normal circumstances, a 12-pound road battle gun fires 2 to 3 rounds per minute. Novices are even slower. An excellent running team can fire once every 15 seconds, such as Napoleon's Guards.

The 3-pounder, 4-pounder, and 8-pounder were all cannons from before 1800. At this time, the caliber of the cannons was too large, which caused many difficulties for logistics and field service, seriously affecting combat efficiency. Therefore, land combat artillery was later replaced. Uniform in 6 lbs and 12 lbs. The 9-pounder gun is actually the British 12-pounder gun, and 12 British pounds is approximately equal to 9 French pounds.

The navy also has 24-pound and 32-pound guns, and some levels and fortresses also have 42-pound guns.

Russia and Turkey in the East used 20-pound and 18-pound guns at that time, but they were just big and had poor performance.

A 6-pounder is usually drawn by 2 to 3 horses, and a 12-pounder is drawn by 3 to 4 horses. This is only a "paper" situation, but in reality, like the gun crew members, there is no fixed number. Yes, it’s no problem for two horses to pull a 12-pounder. It’s just that a few more horses can pull the march faster, especially when going uphill. When there are many horses, each cannon has a few more horses, so the march will go faster. ; When there is a shortage of horses, there will be fewer horses to pull each gate, so walk slower.

But there are also some wealthy countries that use 6 to 8 horses to pull a 6-pound gun. During the march, all the gun crews ride on horses or gun mounts. The advantage of this is that marching, layout, and transfer are easier. The speed is extremely fast, but few countries have the luxury to do so.