Who can help me write a composition about earthquake knowledge?

When we talk about the earthquake, people naturally think of the terrible scene of the wall collapsing after the earthquake in TV cameras. So, why did an earthquake happen?

There are various explanations or hypotheses about this problem in the world now. Indeed, some fundamental causes of earthquakes have yet to be explored, but the recognized facts tell us that no matter what the fundamental causes of earthquakes are, no matter which physical phenomenon or phenomena play a leading role in the occurrence of earthquakes, the rocks there are always broken, especially the energy must be converted into mechanical energy to make the rocks break and vibrate.

Most earthquakes occur in the hardest part of the earth-the upper edge of the crust and mantle. The rocks there are broken under the action of force (in-situ stress), and this broken place becomes the earthquake source, and the vibration starts from here. More than 90% earthquakes in the world are caused by crustal rupture, which is called tectonic earthquake. Now we must predict and prevent this kind of tectonic earthquake. In addition, volcanic eruptions and cave collapses can also cause earthquakes, but the number is very small and the scale is very small. So earthquakes can also be said to be a manifestation of today's crustal movement.

Earthquakes happen every day on the earth, more than 10 thousand times a day, about 5 million times a year. Earthquakes often occur in many parts of the world. Most of these earthquakes are too small to be felt.

The magnitude of an earthquake is usually expressed by magnitude. Magnitude is divided according to the energy released during an earthquake. The higher the magnitude, the bigger the earthquake and the more energy is released.

Under normal circumstances, people can't feel an earthquake smaller than magnitude 3; There is a feeling of magnitude 3 or above, which is customarily called a felt earthquake; More than 5 will cause damage, which is customarily called destructive earthquake or strong earthquake.

Earthquake prediction

What are the three elements of earthquake prediction?

The weather forecast tells people when and where what weather changes will happen. So, what about earthquake prediction? Earthquake prediction also needs to tell people like weather prediction: ① Where will an earthquake happen? ② When did the earthquake happen? ③ What is the intensity (magnitude) of the earthquake? The location, time and magnitude of the earthquake mentioned here are the three elements of earthquake prediction.

What are the medium-term, long-term, short-term and imminent earthquake predictions?

The so-called medium and long-term earthquake prediction refers to the medium and long-term earthquake prediction. It is called long-term earthquake prediction to predict earthquakes that may occur in a certain place in a few years, ten years or even hundreds of years. Predicting earthquakes that may occur in a place in a few months to several years is called medium-term earthquake prediction. It is called short-term earthquake prediction to predict the possible ground demand in a certain place for several days to dozens of days or even months. Predicting an earthquake that may occur in a certain place within a few hours to a few days is called imminent earthquake prediction.

Why do some animals have abnormal reactions before strong earthquakes?

Some organs of many animals are particularly sensitive. They can know some disasters ahead of humans, such as jellyfish in the ocean can predict storms, mice can avoid mine disasters or harmful gases in advance, and so on. As for the organs of vision, hearing, touch, vibration and balance, which plays the main role and which plays the role of assisting judgment may be different for different animals. Physical and chemical changes (vibration, electricity, magnetism, meteorology, abnormal radon content in water, etc.). ) The accompanying earthquake can often stimulate some sensory organs of some animals and cause abnormal reactions. If the gravity of an area changes, some animals may be able to feel it through its balance organs; Some animals' hearing organs may be able to detect abnormal vibrations. Before the earthquake, the underground strata have been moving slowly day by day, showing a creeping state, and there is strong friction between fault planes, so some people think that there will be low-frequency sound waves on the friction fault planes, only a few to ten times per second, which is lower than human hearing. People need more than 20 sound waves per second to feel it, but animals don't. Very sensitive animals will be frightened when they feel this sound wave, resulting in abnormal phenomena such as winter snakes coming out of holes, fish jumping out of the water, pigs and cows jumping in circles, dogs barking and wolves growling.

Seismic appraisal of buildings

Some people have made statistics on the data of 130 earthquakes with huge casualties in the world, and found that more than 95% of the casualties were caused by the collapse of buildings. From this point of view, it is very necessary to evaluate the seismic performance of existing buildings before the earthquake. Let's take the house as an example to talk about the specific content of seismic appraisal.

First, to identify the seismic safety of buildings, we must first find out whether the site conditions and foundation conditions of houses are not conducive to earthquake resistance. For example, are there any faults in the site that cause earthquakes? Are there any ancient rivers? Are there liquefied saturated sand and loam layers in the range of 15m below the surface? Is the landform a prominent mouth, a towering mountain package, and a steep slope without rocks? Are you in unstable ravines and areas where landslides, collapses, collapses and dangerous rocks may occur?

Second, look at whether the plane and elevation shape of the house is simple and square, with symmetrical arrangement of self-weight and stiffness, or whether the shape is complex, with varied stiffness, local protrusion or tortuous outer contour.

Third, it depends on whether the plane and facade of the house are simple and square, with strong integrity, good material ductility and simple and beneficial physical strength. Heavy weight, high center of gravity, poor integrity, few supporting ring beams and brittle materials are unfavorable to the structure.

Fourthly, in terms of building layout, according to the design and construction data, it depends on whether to adopt the vertical wall bearing layout with poor seismic performance, the horizontal wall bearing layout with good seismic performance or the vertical and horizontal wall bearing layout. Whether the total height of the building and the spacing between transverse walls meet the requirements of seismic code, and so on.

Fifth, identify the firmness of the wall, whether there are big cracks, whether there are obvious flash and bulging, and whether the wall has serious alkali corrosion.

Sixth, check the safety of the roof. Is this frame biased? Are there any rotten, moth-eaten and cracked nodes? Is the deflection of wood beams, purlins and trusses too large? Is the deformation of the frame serious?

Seventh, check whether the setting of the house ring beam conforms to the specifications? Is there occlusion between the corner of the wall, between the inner and outer walls, and between the beam bearing wall of the arcade and the brick column? 127; Are there any Rachel measures?

Eighth, is there any anchorage between precast floor slab, ring beam and wall? How are the tops of tall walls and brick columns that mainly resist lateral forces anchored to the roof system? Is the pilaster at the top?

Ninth, is the roof support system perfect? Are all nodes connected reliably? Is the roof panel firmly connected with the roof truss and stringer?

Tenth, check whether gables, retaining walls, sealing walls at high and low spans and load-bearing structures are reliably tied. Is there a reliable Rachel between the top of the interior partition and the roof truss?

Eleventh, check the danger degree of appendages, high doors and parapets protruding from the roof. During the earthquake? Pay attention to whether overhangs, corridors and overhangs are too shallow to be embedded in the wall.

Twelfth, identify whether the streets and alleys evacuated in the earthquake will be blocked by the collapse of buildings on both sides. Will fire hydrants, pipeline valves and drainage wells be buried by collapsed buildings? Whether the emergency doors of crowded buildings such as theaters and auditoriums are opened outward.

Seismic fortification of newly-built houses

Practice has proved that earthquake-resistant buildings can prevent and reduce earthquake damage. There are thousands of anti-seismic methods, the core of which is nothing more than reducing seismic force and improving the overall anti-seismic ability of houses. In practice, we must ensure the realization of these two aspects, such as site selection, foundation treatment, structural structure, physical design, building materials and construction quality, in order to build a hard earthquake-resistant house. Site selection is the first link in the construction process.

The foundation of the building not only bears all the weight of the building, but also all the seismic inertia force of the building is transferred to the foundation during the earthquake. If the earthquake bearing capacity is insufficient and the foundation integrity is not good, then the house will be destroyed.

The foundation part of the house is also very important. If necessary and possible, it should be built as firmly as possible, and the footing should be widened to reduce the compressive stress on the foundation caused by forgetting the house. The foundation type should be based on the actual situation of the building, and the seismic performance is good. Generally speaking, deep foundation is better than shallow foundation; The mat foundation is better than the strip foundation; Strip foundation is better than single foundation; Caisson and integral basement are the best. Strengthening the connection between independent column foundations has a good effect on preventing buildings from being damaged by earthquake.

The destruction of buildings cannot resist horizontal earthquakes, so there must be enough lateral force resisting members with sufficient strength. After the Tangshan earthquake, people are very skeptical about the seismic performance of precast floor brick-concrete houses. In fact, the root cause of house collapse is the wall rather than the precast slab, which is mainly caused by the insufficient resistance of the wall.

The seismic strength of the wall depends on many factors, such as material type, structure type and construction quality. To improve the seismic strength of the wall, attention should be paid to connecting all parts of the wall into a whole, and the walls should be firmly engaged with each other. In addition, attention should be paid to improving the quality of brick masonry, concrete pouring and maintenance. During an earthquake, the seismic force on each part of the house is directly proportional to the weight of each part. The higher the action point of earthquake force is from the ground, the greater the threat to the house. Therefore, a heavy roof is very unfavorable to the earthquake resistance of houses. Earthquake resistance does not always cost more money, time and materials. There are many effective measures, such as limiting building height, reasonable building layout, correct structural modeling, selecting favorable building sites, and strictly enforcing building regulations. These are very important measures and will not increase the cost. On the contrary, there are many effective anti-seismic measures, such as reducing the height of buildings, reducing the size of bays, and reducing the size of doors and windows. On the premise of ensuring the ventilation and lighting conditions of the building, this can also save the construction investment. In a word, the anti-seismic measures of buildings should be tailored to local conditions and take local materials, which is both safe and economical.

Seismic strengthening of old houses

No matter what type of structure, seismic strengthening can start from three aspects: strengthening seismic strength and improving structural integrity and deformation ability. Different structural types can have their own emphasis. There are two main measures to strengthen seismic strength: one is to increase the area of lateral force resisting members, such as adding seismic walls and columns; The second is to strengthen the strength of lateral force resisting members, such as plastering mortar or steel mesh mortar on the original seismic wall, pressure grouting and shotcreting, adding reinforced concrete cladding and support on the wall with holes, and adding reinforced concrete structural columns.

Some people sum up the measures taken for seismic strengthening of current building projects into six magic weapons, namely corner columns, buttress columns, ring beams, steel tie rods, supports and plywood walls. Here are some common simple reinforcement methods.

There are two kinds of reinforced walls. One is load-bearing wall, mostly horizontal wall and vertical wall. The other is non-bearing walls, such as enclosure walls and some indoor partition walls. Cracking and oblique overflow are the main causes of wall damage. Cracks include oblique cracks and vertical cracks in the outer wall, horizontal cracks in the wall between windows and cross cracks in the inner wall. When the inclined cracks are few and wide, the bricks beside the cracks can be removed, and new bricks can be embedded with high-grade cement mortar, or the mortar that reaches the joint horizontally every 4 ~ 5 layers of bricks can be removed, and steel bars can be embedded, and then high-grade mud-free mortar can be poured. When the cracks are wide and irregular, high-grade cement mortar is poured. When the crack is wide and irregular, steel mesh can be hung along both sides of the wall crack, and steel bars can be tied through the wall at the same time, and then cement mortar can be plastered. If the wall is crooked, the method of steel holding pole can be adopted. Under the ceiling, near the inner partition wall, use steel bars slightly longer than the longitudinal (or transverse) length of the house to pass through the two walls, then put steel plates at both ends outside the wall and fasten them with bolts to restore the wall to its original state.

After the floor and roof reinforcement and liberation, most of the civil houses built in cities and towns are brick-wood structures and masonry structures. The precast slab is pulled apart and can be refilled with cement mortar. If the precast slab is damaged, it can be reinforced and thickened on the surface. Cracks in beams and movement of plates can be supported by iron pipes or built with bricks. If the upper floor is empty, the top can be supported by a combination of I-beams and iron pipe columns. If the roof is staggered, ring beams can be added to the lower part of the roof to enhance the stability of the roof. For brick-wood buildings, nails can be used to strengthen the connection between wooden frames (or beams) and purlins; Strengthen the connection between gables and purlins with cushion blocks. It is best to add diagonal braces between the wooden house and the wooden column to make the position firm. The diagonal braces can be nailed on both sides of the beam and the wooden column with wooden plywood.

Reinforcement of the protruding part of the building According to the investigation results of previous earthquakes, the protruding part of the building, such as chimney roof or chimney with wall, parapet, high door face, roof between water tanks, stairwell, etc. , is the most easily damaged part. Light cracks are dislocated, and heavy ones collapse and fall off. In addition, some buildings are complex in shape and strewn at random in height, and the prominent parts are also easy to be damaged. In this regard, the general civil residence should try to remove or reduce the parapet and high door face. Pay attention to reducing the weight of the roof as much as possible to avoid danger. If the space of the bungalow is too high, the height can be reduced when it is reinforced, and the damaged part can be partially removed to increase the seismic capacity of the house itself.

Family earthquake prevention

Family earthquake prevention can start from the following aspects:

1, experience and methods of learning earthquake prevention and shock absorption The Japanese summed up their personal experience in earthquake prevention and shock absorption into ten items: 1) Hiding under solid furniture; 2) Turn off the fire quickly; 3) No one panics and escapes from the outdoor; 4) In case of fire, put it out immediately; 5) Take refuge on foot and bring as little as possible; 6) It is forbidden to stay on narrow ground, walls, cliffs and rivers; 7 & amp 127; ) Pay attention to landslides and ground fissures; 8) Pay attention to the tsunami at the seaside and the floods in low-lying areas; 9) Don't be afraid of aftershocks and don't listen to rumors; 10) Keep order and pay attention to hygiene.

In case of unexpected earthquake, family members should divide their work in dealing with earthquake prevention and shock absorption, so as to avoid the whole family being at a loss during the earthquake, and make clear the evacuation route and refuge place. After the earthquake, they need to be evacuated to open and safe places immediately. This should be discussed at the family earthquake prevention meeting. It is clear that everyone had better go to that empty place after the earthquake and determine the fastest and safest way.

Prepare shelters and relief supplies. Everyone in the family should prepare their most needed daily necessities. The general principle is not too much essence.

Renovation and reinforcement of indoor furniture sundries. Previous earthquake surveys have shown that many people have been injured and even caused serious accidents because of the overturning of indoor cabinets or the falling of objects placed at high places. At the same time, the pieces of furniture overturned, preventing escape when taking refuge.

Implement fire prevention measures. Fire is a common secondary disaster in earthquakes. Especially when there is an earthquake during cooking time, there is a greater chance of fire. Because of the disastrous lesson of 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, the Japanese paid special attention to fire prevention and formulated various measures in detail.

7. Explain the knowledge of health first aid. Injuries in the earthquake are inevitable. You should learn some knowledge of health first aid at ordinary times. For example, let family members know and learn nursing methods such as artificial respiration, hemostasis, dressing and transporting the wounded. In a sense, protecting others is protecting yourself.

8. Family members exchange earthquake information, and exchange macroscopic abnormal information observed by them at any time.

Before the earthquake, we should remind each other of the impending signs of the earthquake, such as ground light, ground sound, animal anomalies, etc., so as to disperse them in time.

9. Conduct family earthquake emergency drills. The Japanese attach great importance to earthquake drills, some of which are quite large in scale. We might as well have a small-scale exercise at home. In this way, we can master the skills of earthquake emergency, and secondly, we can make use of the shortcomings of shock absorption measures formulated at the current family earthquake prevention meeting.

Earthquake emergency material reserve

You'd better take more things with you when you escape from the earthquake. Taking too much is very harmful: first, it is inconvenient to move, and it is impossible to be flexible in extraordinary times; Second, it is easy to make people exhausted, leading to diseases and disasters; Third, blocking traffic brings a lot of trouble to disaster relief work, and it is easy to start a fire.

What is the most suitable item for earthquake emergency shelter? Japan is an "earthquake country", and the number of earthquakes every year accounts for about 10% of the global total. According to statistics, there are 30-40 earthquakes in Tokyo every year. Therefore, the Japanese have learned a heavy lesson from the great earthquakes such as Kanto, and many emergency items for earthquake shelter have been put forward in various places according to specific conditions. & amp 127; Here, we might as well introduce some situations in several major regions, and interested readers can compare their advantages and disadvantages. The energy-saving packages distributed in Chiyoyo District of Tokyo include: 10 slices of dry bread, plastic cups, gauze for dressing, military gloves, disinfectants such as mercuric chloride and iodine, toothbrushes and toothpaste, candles, can openers, toilet paper, soap, razors, evacuation maps and disaster prevention compasses. These things are stuffed into plastic bags and then put into receiving bags. Everyone's address and name are marked on the bag. In addition, in the event of an earthquake, the standing items also include: a 6-year-old small cushion (to protect the head), 6 pairs of gloves, changed clothes, candles and matches, 2 flashlights, a miniature radio, a military kettle (to change water every two weeks), cans and tin-opener, dry bread, a set of first-aid medicines, ropes, chalk, seals, maps and valuables. The above things are packed in travel bags respectively. Earthquake emergency supplies are related to the scientific and technological level and people's living standards in every country. Referring to foreign experience and combining with China's national conditions, the following main items can be selected for earthquake emergency evacuation:

(1) Food: dry food (biscuits, bread, instant noodles, etc. ) about 3 days. (2) Drinking water: Generally, it is bottled in military water bottles or plastic bottles and replaced regularly. (3) Daily necessities: replace one or two sets of clothes, flashlights, matches, candles, knives, pocket radios and washing utensils (soap, soap, toothbrush, toothpaste, towels, combs, etc.). ), toilet paper (including women's toilet paper, diapers for babies), personal commonly used self-defense drugs (injury drugs, painkillers, stomach drugs, etc.). ), tea cups, stomach medicine. (4) Moving articles: such as plastic bags, raincoats or umbrellas, ropes, masks, handkerchiefs, etc. If you are a medical worker or an interested individual, you might as well prepare some catheters. 1966 scaffolding during the earthquake, many people died of urinary system injury or were suffocated by urine. If there had been some catheters, quite a few people might have survived. So, & 127； Preparing these small first-aid equipment can not only save others, but also benefit yourself.

Earthquake life emergency

As the saying goes, man is iron and rice is steel. If you don't eat for two days, you will be hungry. Eating is a big problem in the earthquake-stricken areas.

Especially when the earthquake happened in this city, the food problem of the victims became more prominent. According to statistics, a city with a population of one million needs nearly one million kilograms of grain a day. After the earthquake, food was buried in the ruins, and pots, bowls, scoops, pots and other cooking utensils were mostly smashed to pieces. In such a serious earthquake-stricken area, we have to rely mainly on external assistance to solve the problem of eating.

Generally speaking, after the earthquake, the higher authorities will organize all efforts to send food to the disaster area as soon as possible in various ways. For example, after the Tangshan earthquake, Hebei Province urgently mobilized all parts of the province to make cooked food such as pancakes, buns and biscuits around the clock and transport them to the disaster area in time. It took Shijiazhuang only five hours to process 12000 kilograms of cooked food, and soon moved to Tangshan. 1966。 127; Longyao County, which suffered a severe earthquake in 2000, did not add salt to pancakes because of the lack of water in the disaster area. Instead, all the sugar stored in the county was transferred out and baked into sugar cakes and transported to the disaster area. There are two ways to distribute cooked food from other places to help the disaster-stricken areas: one is to send planes to the hardest-hit areas directly in the first few days after the earthquake, or to transport them directly by other means of transportation. Another way to distribute relief materials is to concentrate them from the headquarters involved in earthquake relief and distribute them to the victims. Water means life. People can go without food for two days, but they must drink water. Therefore, solving the problem of drinking water after the earthquake is a major event to arrange the lives of the victims. After the imminent earthquake prediction is released, or after the earthquake, residents in the earthquake area often need to build temporary earthquake sheds. This kind of earthquake-resistant shed can adapt to local conditions and create architectural forms suitable for local conditions. Here is a simple tent covering method, which can be used in summer and winter. This kind of earthquake-resistant shed generally needs materials such as plastic cloth, nylon membrane, linen, oiled paper or sheets.

Use stakes or trees, pull up the sheets with belts and ropes, and press down the lower part of the sheets with stones. If there are no sheets and plastic sheets, you can also collect some branches and leaves of trees and build a simple tent in the same way.

Sometimes it's just a ride. Dig a simple drainage ditch around the tent to prevent rainwater from flowing into the tent. For emergency use on the night of the earthquake, it is not necessary to build the earthquake-resistant shed too exquisitely, and the necessary reinforcement work can wait until the next day. There are many forms of earthquake-resistant sheds used in China. In addition to the above types, there are above-ground sheds, semi-underground sheds and shacks. In short, it should be as light and short as possible, so that it can resist the damage of strong earthquakes.

Earthquake indoor emergency

When Japan conducts earthquake evacuation training, it is generally to "wear a disaster prevention headscarf and hide under the table first". There are ten items of knowledge about earthquake prevention in Japan's Earthquake Handbook, the first of which clearly says "hide under solid furniture". Therefore, Japanese teachers firmly believe that the best way is to "hide under the table". This idea is based on the premise that the earthquake in Japan ended dozens of seconds later and the ceiling did not fall.

When an earthquake happens, it is very important to keep a clear head and a calm attitude. Only when you are calm, it is possible to judge the magnitude and distance of an earthquake with the earthquake knowledge you usually learn. Recent earthquakes often start with ups and downs and then swing from side to side. The teleseism is not so bumpy, but it is mainly shaking from side to side, with clear voice and small vibration. Generally, small earthquakes and distant earthquakes do not have to flee. How about jumping off a building and running away during an earthquake? Facts show that this is not the best policy. The reason is that the strong vibration time of the earthquake is only about one minute, which is quite short. It often takes some time from opening doors and windows to jumping off a building, especially when the doors and windows are shaken and cannot be moved. Some people want to smash the glass with their hands, and their hands are broken. Besides, if the building is so high, you may be killed or injured by jumping off the building. Even if you land safely, you may be killed or injured by falling things. According to the earthquake damage investigation of Tangshan earthquake, the number of casualties caused by jumping off a building or escaping ranks third among the six main forms of casualties (direct casualties, suffocation death, jumping off a building or escaping, improper shooting and escaping location, returning to dangerous houses, improper rescue or nursing, etc.). ). The survey results of other earthquake cases are basically the same. Can be transferred to multi-load-bearing walls, open small kitchens, bathrooms and other places to temporarily avoid. Because these places have small span and large stiffness, coupled with some pipeline support, the seismic performance is better. No matter where you hide indoors for shock absorption, you must pay attention to avoid weak parts of the wall, such as places near doors and windows. After shooting through the main earthquake, evacuate to the outside quickly. Pay attention to the protection department when evacuating, and it is best to cover your head with soft objects such as pillows and quilts. Generally, theaters use long-span thin-shell roofs, which are light in weight, not easy to collapse during earthquakes, and not heavy when they collapse. Therefore, the better way is to hide under the row chairs. When a department store (shop) is hit by an earthquake, it is wise to hide next to large columns and commodities nearby (avoid display cabinets), or run to an empty aisle and then bend down and wait for the earthquake to subside. It is dangerous to run out in panic on the first floor. For those upstairs, the principle should be transferred to the bottom. When there is an earthquake in the elevator, the elevator box will first collide with the surrounding walls, so you should stop at the adjacent floor immediately and leave the elevator immediately. In school during the earthquake, generally speaking, students who go door-to-door can run outside, and students who lean against the wall can lean against the wall.

The students in the middle should hide under the table. During the earthquake, you can hide under all kinds of mechanical equipment or intermediate support columns in the factory workshop.

Earthquake outdoor emergency

When an earthquake happens, the window glass and concrete fragments outside the tall building will fly down. In downtown areas with dense shops, there are many kinds of falling objects, such as advertising signs, tinplates and neon red light frames. It poses a great threat to the human body. 1962 During the Xinfengjiang earthquake in Guangdong, an accident occurred in Guangzhou, far from the epicenter, and the advertising signboard fell and injured pedestrians. In addition, in residential areas, protective walls, stone walls, earth walls, etc. Often cracks and collapses, tiles on the roof will fly off, and chimneys may collapse. These situations should be fully estimated.

According to Japanese statistics, more people were killed by falling objects in the earthquake than by being crushed to death. The situation in our country may be somewhat different. When walking in the street during the earthquake, just put your bag or soft items on your head when you are around. When you are fine, you can also protect your head with your hands and prepare for self-defense as much as possible. You should leave the fence of the telephone pole quickly and run to a relatively open place to hide.

If you are near the forest and trees during the earthquake, you should hide in the forest as soon as possible. The more trees, the safer. If you are on a hillside or cliff, pay attention to landslides and rolling stones. Don't follow the rolling stone down the mountain, run in the direction perpendicular to the rolling stone flow direction. If it is too late, you can also find a hillside to rise and hide behind for the time being.

With the development of science and technology and national economy, many factories, warehouses or scientific research units store a large number of inflammable, explosive and highly toxic dangerous goods. During the Tangshan financial earthquake, there were 8 accidents of dangerous goods injuring people in Tianjin alone, causing many people to die of poisoning. There are many similar accidents abroad. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate countermeasures for dangerous goods before and after the earthquake.

When there is an earthquake while watching the game in the stadium, you should obey the command of the conference and evacuate from the stands to the center of the venue in an orderly manner. When you are caught in a chaotic stream of people and can't move, if you can still breathe, you should first breathe correctly, bear the external pressure with your shoulders and back, and follow the stream of people. Bend your arms, protect your abdomen, stand up straight and don't be trampled down by others. It's best to keep physical activity often, and pay special attention not to crowd around walls and sheds. It is extremely dangerous to put your hands in your pockets, so you should always be prepared for defense.

If you are driving in the street during the earthquake, you should immediately put on the brakes and prepare to pull over. Note that cars driving side by side may get out of control due to ground vibration and slide to their own cars. If you are not careful, there will be a serious collision. The parking lot should choose places with less falling objects and collapses, which will not affect others' refuge. In principle, don't lock the car after parking. In order to get out of danger quickly, leave the car immediately. Don't get involved in the crowd after getting off the bus. Calm judgment, choose a safe direction to escape.

When an earthquake occurs, passengers on the train should take defensive measures immediately. If the speed is not fast, hold the handle, post or seat by hand, and pay attention to prevent the luggage from falling off the luggage rack.