Who is the founder or scientist of the research on the law of resistance?

Thomas Edison Edison seems to be English, but Franklin should be.

Dr Benjamin Franklin is a famous American politician and scientist. He is also a publisher, printer, journalist, writer and philanthropist. He is also an outstanding diplomat and inventor. He was one of the important leaders in the American revolution, participated in drafting many important documents, and served as the American ambassador to France, which successfully won France's support for American independence. Franklin made many electrical experiments and invented the lightning rod. Other things he invented include bifocal glasses, frog shoes and so on. Franklin was a member of the Aid Association and was elected as a member of the Royal Society. He was also the first postmaster general in the United States.

catalogue

1 ancestor

one's early years

3 middle-aged people

4 old age

posthumous

ancestors

Josiah Franklin, the father of Benjamin Franklin, was born in 1657, the son of a blacksmith family in Northamptonshire, England. His mother Abia folger was born in a teacher's family in Boston, Massachusetts on 1667. Josiah Franklin got married for the first time in England on 1677. After having several children, her family left England on 1683 and moved to Boston to live in selling groceries. Later, his first wife died, and his second wife Abby gave birth to Benjamin Franklin in Boston.

one's early years

Benjamin is the youngest son of his father 17 children. He went to school until he was ten years old. At the age of twelve, he was an apprentice in his brother's publishing house. /kloc-when I was 0/7 years old, I went to Philadelphia. A few months later, I went to London and worked in a printing factory. Later, with the help of a businessman, he returned to Philadelphia, set up his own printing company, published newspapers and published his own articles, which gained considerable respect in the local society. Then he published a collection of proverbs, which made him very popular.

173 1 year, Franklin and others jointly established the first public library in Philadelphia. The books in the library include theology, history, literature and science. Later, cities in North America followed suit. It has played a lot of roles in inspiring people all over North America.

1736, Franklin set up the first volunteer fire brigade in North America.

middle age

Franklin began to build the college in 1743, and the college was established eight years later, which was the predecessor of the University of Pennsylvania. At the same time, he began to study electricity and other scientific topics.

Illustrations in Franklin's paper on tornadoes

1748, Franklin quit the printing business, but he still made considerable profits from his partners, so he had time to make various inventions and research, including his research on electricity. He found that the charge is divided into "positive" and "negative", and the quantities of the two are conserved. 1752, Franklin made a famous experiment: flying a kite in a thunderstorm, which proved that "lightning" was caused by electricity. This is a very dangerous experiment. In fact, other scientists were electrocuted while conducting similar experiments at the same time. Until now, many people still have doubts about whether Franklin really carried out such an experiment and how it was carried out. But there is no doubt that Franklin invented the lightning rod; In order to praise Franklin's research in electricity, the Royal Academy of Sciences elected him as an academician in 1753.

In addition to studying electricity, Franklin also made contributions to meteorology. In order to find news for his newspaper, he often goes to the farmer's market to collect news. He found that storms often appear in one place, and then there are storms in other places. He thought that the two might actually be the same storm, so he proposed that the storm would move, and finally derived the weather analysis and weather map in the future, which changed the method of relying solely on one place for forecasting.

175 1 year, Franklin established a hospital in Pennsylvania. This hospital will be the first hospital in America in the future.

Franklin was also an outstanding government official. But he also used his power to seek promotion for his relatives and defiled his official career. His most important achievements include reforming the postal system in North America, taking up diplomatic posts, dealing with the suzerain Britain on behalf of the North American colonies, and then going to France.

1754, he led the representatives of Pennsylvania to attend the colonial congress held in Albany, new york, and put forward the plan of colonial union. Although the plan was not accepted at that time, many of its contents were later written into the US Constitution. 1757, on behalf of the people of Pennsylvania, he went to England to make a statement to the king of England. He lived for five years, during which he explained the colonial situation and views to the British people and government officials. Because of his achievements in science, Oxford University awarded him an honorary doctorate during this period. It was also during this period that he campaigned for his illegitimate son, which made him a successful governor of New Jersey.

old age

1764, Franklin once again represented Pennsylvania, England. In London, he opposed the Indian donation bill of 1765. However, Franklin also obtained the position of American Indian donation agent for his personal friend, which greatly damaged his integrity and public support. It is generally believed that this conflict of interest prevented Franklin from becoming a higher elected public office in the future. Even if he succeeds in repealing the bill, public support for him will not come back. But he still worked for the American colonies and made representations to Britain for the colonies before the American Revolution. This also caused Franklin to break with the illegitimate child loyal to the king of England.

1767, Franklin went to France and was warmly welcomed by the French. After returning to Philadelphia, he was elected as a member of the Continental Congress to help draft the American Declaration of Independence. From 1776, Franklin was sent to France as the Commissioner representing the United States until 1785. During this period, he was very popular with all walks of life in France, and some wealthy French families even decorated galleries with his portrait. Franklin's trip to France was very successful, and he won the French-American military alliance, which is very important to the new United States, and negotiated and signed the Paris Treaty of 1783. When Franklin returned to the United States in 1785, his contribution to American independence was second only to that of Washington.

Franklin was also a pioneer in opposing slavery. Shortly after his return from France, he became the chairman of an organization that opposed slavery and sought to release blacks who were illegally imprisoned.

1787, retired Franklin attended the meeting to amend the US Constitution, becoming the only founder who signed the three most important American bills and documents at the same time. These three documents are: the Declaration of Independence, the Paris Treaty of 1783, and the American Constitution of 1787.

What few people know is that although Franklin was a famous father of the United States, before the American Revolution, he was mainly a diplomat and strongly opposed the revolution. Only when Britain could not maintain its rule in the American colonies did it become an enthusiastic supporter of the independence movement. Until 1780, he still thought that he was willing to allow Britain to maintain its sovereignty over America in exchange for a high degree of colonial autonomy.

posthumous

Franklin died on April 1790 and was buried in the cemetery of a church in Philadelphia.

Franklin's appearance is familiar to many people all over the world: because he is the portrait on the highest denomination one hundred dollar bill. In the United States, the slang for hundred-dollar bills is also called Franklin. Franklin's portrait once appeared on half-dollar coins and old fifty dollars. From 19 14, he was the portrait on some hundred-dollar bills, and from 1928, his appearance was printed on every hundred-dollar bill. Edison (1847- 193 1)

ThomasAlvaEdison is a world-famous American electrician and inventor. In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, construction and chemical industry. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. My father is descended from Dutch, and my mother is a primary school teacher, descended from Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business and his family moved to Grady Otterborg in the northern suburb of Huron, Michigan. Shortly after moving here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever and was ill for a long time. It is believed that this disease is the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of 8, but after only three months of study, he was dismissed as an "imbecile" by the teacher and kicked out of school. Since then, his mother has been his "mentor". Because of his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading. He not only reads widely, but also reads all kinds of books. At the age of eight, he read the works of Shakespeare and Dickens, the most important playwrights in the English Renaissance, and many important historical books. By the age of nine, he could quickly read difficult books, such as Parker's philosophy of nature and experiment. 10 years old, he loved chemistry. At the age of 1 1, he experimented with his first telegram. In order to make money to buy chemicals and equipment, he began to work. At the age of 12, he got a job selling newspapers on the train, commuting between Port Huron and Detroit, Michigan. While selling newspapers, he also deals in fruits and vegetables. Whenever he is free, he goes to the library to read books. He bought an old printing press and began to publish his own weekly newspaper, The Herald. The first issue of this weekly is printed on the train. With the money he earned, he set up a chemistry laboratory on the baggage car. Unfortunately, once a chemical caught fire, he and his equipment were thrown out of the car. Another time, when Edison tried to board a freight train, a conductor grabbed him by the ear and helped him get on the train. This action led to Edison's lifelong deafness.

1862 In August, Edison rescued a dying boy on the train track with fearless heroism. The child's father is grateful for this, but he is willing to teach him telegraph technology because he has no money to reward him. Since then, Edison has forged an indissoluble bond with this mysterious new electric world and embarked on a scientific journey.

1863, Edison worked as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, the main railway line. From 1864 to 1867, I worked as a telegraph operator in all parts of the central and western regions and lived a life similar to wandering. Footprints include Stratford, Adrian, fort wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville and Huron.

1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent. This is a device for automatically recording votes. Edison thought that this device could speed up the work of Congress and would be very popular. However, a member of Congress told him that they had no intention to speed up the agenda, and sometimes voting was slow because of political needs. From then on, Edison decided never to make any inventions that people didn't need.

At the beginning of June 1869, he came to new york to look for a job. While he was waiting for a summons in the broker's office, a telegram broke down. Edison was the only person there who could repair the telegraph, so he got a better job than he expected. On June+10, 65438, he and Pop established "Pop-Edison Company", which specializes in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented "Edison Universal Printing Machine". He dedicated this printing machine to the manager of a big company on Wall Street. He wanted to charge 5000 dollars, but he didn't have the courage to say it. So he asked the manager to give a price, and the manager gave 40 thousand yuan.

Edison used the money to build a factory in Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, which specializes in manufacturing all kinds of motors. He worked all night. He trained many capable assistants, and at the same time, he happened to meet diligent Mary, his first bride in the future. In Newark, he invented wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872 to 1875, Edison invented the two-pole and four-pole telegraph successively, and helped others to make the world's first English typewriter.

1in the spring of 876, Edison moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey again. He built the first "invention factory" here, which "marked the beginning of collective research". 1877, Edison improved the telephone invented by Bell and put it into practical use. He also invented the phonograph, one of his favorite projects. Telephone and telegraph "are a revolution to expand human sensory functions"; The phonograph is one of the three great inventions that have changed people's lives. "From the imagination of the invention, this is his extremely significant invention achievement." At this time, people called him "the magician of Monroe Park".

When Edison invented the phonograph, after numerous failures, he finally made a breakthrough in the study of electric lights. 1879, 10 year1October 22nd, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to prolong the life of the filament, he tried more than 6,000 kinds of fiber materials and found a new luminous body-Japanese bamboo filament, which can last for more than 1000 hours and achieve the purpose of durability. To some extent, this invention is the pinnacle of Edison's life. Then, he created a power supply system, which made the distant lights distribute electricity from the central power station, which was a great technical achievement.

His first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. When testing the electric lamp, he observed what he called the Edison effect: in a lighted bulb, charge travels from the hot filament through space to the cold plate. Edison applied for a patent for this discovery in 1884, but did not study it further. Scientists nearby developed the electronic industry, especially radio and television, by using the Edison effect.

Edison tried to do for his eyes what the phonograph did for his ears, and the movie camera was born here. Using a piece of celluloid film newly invented by George Heasman, he took a series of photos and projected them on the curtain quickly and continuously, creating the illusion of movement. He experimented with movies for the first time in the laboratories of 1889 and 189 1. 1903, his company produced the first feature film great train robbery. Edison did a lot of work for the establishment and standardization of the film industry.

After Edison moved his laboratory to West Orange in 1887, he founded many commercial companies, manufactured products and popularized his various inventions. These companies later merged into Edison General Electric Company, which was later called General Electric Company. Since then, his interests have turned to fluorescence, ore mashers, magnetic separation of iron, storage batteries and railway signaling devices.

During World War I, he developed a torpedo device, a flamethrower and an underwater periscope.

1929 10 2 1 On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention of electric light, people held a grand celebration for Edison, and famous scientists such as Einstein of Germany and Madame Curie of France congratulated him one after another. Unfortunately, at this celebration, Edison suddenly fainted because of excessive excitement when he gave a reply. Since then, his health has gone from bad to worse 193 1 year1October 18 The scientist who made great contributions to mankind died of illness at the age of 84.

Edison's cultural level is extremely low, but his contribution to mankind is so great. What is the secret here? In addition to curiosity, he also has an instinct to experiment by himself, that is, he has unlimited energy and courage to work hard beyond ordinary people. When someone called Edison a "genius", he explained: "Genius is 2% inspiration and 98% sweat." He organized many people of different professions in the "invention factory", including more than 65,438+000 scientists, engineers, technicians and workers. Many of Edison's great inventions were achieved by collective strength. His achievements are mainly attributed to his diligence, creativity and collective strength. In addition, his wife also played a very important role.

Chronology invented by Edison;

18681June 1 1 invented the "voting counter" and obtained the first patent in his life.

1869 10 co-founded "Pop-Edison Company" with friends.

1870, he invented the universal printing press, granted the patent right and obtained $40,000. Set up their own manufacturing plant in new york.

1872-1876 invented the electric animation telegraph, the automatic recording telegraph and the double four telegraph, and manufactured the waxed paper carbon resistor.

1875 invented the acoustic analysis resonator.

1876, a laboratory-the first industrial research laboratory-was established in Menlo Park, New Jersey. This is the creation of the modern concept of "research group". Invent carbon rod microphone. Apply for a patent for automatic telegraph.

1877, the telephone invented by Bell was improved and put into practical use in Monroe Park. Obtained three patents: puncture pen, pneumatic stylus and ordinary stylus. On August 20th, he invented the phonograph, which proved to be Edison's favorite project.

1878 Edison claimed to have solved the problem of electric lighting. The Royal Society held a phonograph exhibition. Improve the phonograph, design microphone, loudspeaker, aerial speaker, sound engine, tuning engine, microcalorimeter, taste tester, etc. On February 65438+9, 2009, he obtained a patent for the phonograph. In July, Professor Parker from the University of Pennsylvania and I went to Wyoming to observe the total solar eclipse and measured the temperature around the sun with the thermometer he invented. In August, I returned to Monroe Park and resumed my scientific research and experiments. Britain approved Edison's patent application for "recorder". Visit William Wallace in Connecticut in September. Began to study the invention of electric light. 654381October 5th filed a patent application for platinum wire "electric lamp".

1879 ——1880 invented the high-resistance incandescent lamp after many hardships. An improved generator. Design new current distribution method, circuit arrangement and calculation method. Invent the electric lamp holder and switch. The method of magnetic separation of ore was invented.

1879 On August 30th, Edison and Bell demonstrated their telephone installation in the town hall of Saratoga Creek. Edison's telephone number was obvious in Bibel. 101October 2 1 day, invented a high-resistance incandescent lamp, which was continuously lit for 40 hours. 1 65438+1October1applied for the patent of carbon filament lamp. 65438+February 2 1 new york Express reported Edison's incandescent lamp. 65438+On February 25th, 2008, 3000 tourists from new york watched a public electric light show in Menlo Park.

1880 research helicopter. Obtain a patent for the invention of electric light. Making magnetic ore sieve. 654381October 28th, the patent of "power transmission and distribution system" was put forward. /kloc-in February of 0/8, Scripps published the article "Edison's electric light" and officially published the invention of electric light. In May, the first "Columbia" ship illuminated by electric lights made a successful trial.

New york Edison Electric Lighting Company was established in February 65438.

188 1 The headquarters of Fifth Avenue in New York was established. Set up an incandescent lamp factory in new york. Set up manufacturers of generators, underground wires and electric lamp parts. Test the tram in Monroe Park.

1882 invented the present three-wire distribution system. Patent application 14 1. The first central factory was established on September 4th. 65438+At the end of February, more than 50 small power stations/kloc-0 were established in all parts of the United States.

1885 filed a patent for wireless telegraph on May 23rd.

1887 ——1890 improved the cylindrical phonograph and obtained more than 80 patents on the phonograph. Engaged in the manufacture and sale of phonographs, records and sound machines.

1888, invented the phonograph.

1889 participated in the Paris centennial exposition. A variety of electrified railways were invented. Complete the movie machine.

1890 ——1899 Design large-scale stone crusher and grinder. I personally directed the large-scale development of iron ore by new methods in Ogden Mine.

189 1 year, he invented "Edison concentrator" and started his own mining career. Obtained the patent of "mobile film projector". On May 20th, the first successful movie mirror was shown to the public at Edison Laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey.

1893, the world's first film "studio" was built in the courtyard of Edison's laboratory.

1894 April 14 The first movable film projector cinema in new york opened.

1896 On April 23rd, the film was released for the first time in Koster-Bayer Concert Hall in new york, which was warmly welcomed by the public.

1902 vehicle power test with new battery, with a journey of 5,000 miles, which can be driven on one charge 100 miles, which was successful.

1903 Edison's company produced the first feature film great train robbery.

1909 has been used for ten years, and the research of battery has finally succeeded. Send a fax or telegram. Obtained the design patents of raw material machine, fine grinding machine and long kiln.

1910-1914 Complete the disc phonograph without damaging the records and diamond records. Complete the sound film machine.

"CD recording" was invented in 19 10.

19 12 invented "talking movies". Developed into a phonograph.

1914-1915 invented a comprehensive manufacturing method of carbonic acid, which combined a phonograph and a teleprompter as a teleprompter, allowing one party's phone to automatically record the other party's speech. Homemade benzene, indigo oil, etc.

In1915-1918, as many as 39 inventions were completed, the most famous of which were torpedo mechanism, flamethrower and underwater periscope.

1927 completed a long record.

1928 successfully extracted rubber from weeds.