What are the characteristics of the famous river?

1. Compared with other rivers in China, the Yellow River has several remarkable features:

First, less water and more sand. The annual average natural runoff of the Yellow River is 58 billion cubic meters, which is equivalent to117 of the Yangtze River, accounting for only 2% of the total river runoff in China, ranking fourth among the seven major rivers in China. The per capita water quantity in the basin is 593m3, accounting for 25% of the national per capita water quantity; The average water consumption per mu of cultivated land is 324m3, which is only 17% of the national average water consumption per mu of cultivated land. The soil erosion in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River is very serious, which leads to serious siltation in the lower reaches, and the riverbed is raised by about 10 cm on average every year. The Sanmenxia Station of the Yellow River has an average sediment discharge of about 65.438+0.6 billion tons for many years, with an average combined sediment discharge of 35 kg/m3, ranking first among major rivers and unique in the world. If 1 .600 million tons of sediment is piled into an embankment with a height of 1 m and a width of1m, its length is three times that of the earth to distance to the moon, and it can circle the equator of the earth 27 times. The saying that "jumping into the Yellow River can't wash it clearly" comes from describing the excessive sediment in the Yellow River. At the same time, the Yellow River sediment particles are very fine, and sometimes the river water is even turbid, which is really difficult to wash on your body!

Second, water and sand are unevenly distributed in time and space. 60% of the Yellow River water comes from Lanzhou and the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, and more than 90% of the sediment mainly comes from Hekou Town to Longmen and the upper reaches of Jinghe River, Beiluo River and Weihe River. 60% of water and 80% of sediment in the whole year come from the flood season, which mainly comes from several storms and floods. This kind of water is less and more sediment, and the distribution of water and sediment is concentrated, which brings great difficulties to the development and utilization of water resources and flood control in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Third, the river hangs on the ground. Due to long-term sediment deposition, the hanging difference between dikes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is generally 5 ~ 6 meters. The beach surface is about 20 meters higher than Xinxiang City, 13 meters higher than Kaifeng City and 5 meters higher than Jinan City. The situation of hanging river is steep, and the threat of flood has become a national concern.

Fourth, frequent floods. During the more than 2,500 years from the pre-Qin period to the Republic of China, the lower reaches of the Yellow River flooded 1500 times and changed its course 26 times, with an average of twice in three years and once in a hundred years, reaching Tianjin in the north and Jianghuai in the south. The flood affected 250,000 square kilometers, causing great losses to people's lives and property. At the same time, the flood of the Yellow River carries a lot of sediment, silts up rivers and desert fertile fields, which has a destructive impact on the environment and is difficult to recover for a long time. Due to frequent flood disasters, the Yellow River flood is called "the worry of China" in history.

2. Yangtze River

The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, second only to Nile and Amazon in length, and third only to Amazon and Congo in water inflow. The total area of the river basin is1800,000 square kilometers, and the annual water inflow into the sea is about 960 billion cubic meters. The basin is located between 24 30 ′ and 35 45 ′ north latitude and 90 33 ′ and 65 438+065 438+02 25 ′ east longitude, with an area of 65 438+800,000 square kilometers (excluding Huaihe River Basin), accounting for about 65 438+0 of the total land area of China. Ranked third in the world. It has a long history. Together with the Yellow River, it has become the cradle of the Chinese nation and nurtured generations of Chinese sons and daughters. It is called "Mother River".

The Yangtze River, the richest river in China, has a total hydropower capacity of 200 million kilowatts. The main stream of the Yangtze River has a navigation mileage of more than 2,800 kilometers and is known as the "golden waterway".

The Yangtze River is a steep Three Gorges (Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge) in Duan Xiongwei from Fengjie in Chongqing to Yichang in Hubei. The Three Gorges Project, the largest water conservancy project in the world, is located in Sandouping in the middle of Xiling Gorge.

3. Huaihe River

The Huaihe River originates from Tongbai Mountain in Henan Province and flows eastward through Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. The mainstream flows into the Yangtze River from Sanjiang Camp, with a total length of 1 0,000 km, a total drop of 200 meters and a drainage area of10.9 million square km. Jiangsu Province is located in the lower reaches of Huaihe River, with a drainage area of 3,765,438+0,000 square kilometers. After being regulated by Hongze Lake, the flood in the middle and upper reaches of the Huaihe River flows into the river and the sea from the Huaihe River estuary, the main irrigation waterway in northern Jiangsu, the Huaihe River estuary and the Huaihe River estuary respectively.

At present, the lower reaches of Huaihe River can defend against 1954 flood, which is equivalent to the flood control standard of once every 50 years. Through the further regulation since 199 1, the Huaihe River waterway can reach the design standard of 100 after the recent project completion and the reinforcement of the main dike. The main problems are: first, the quality of embankment foundation is poor, and there are many dangerous sections and dangerous culverts; Second, there are many obstacles to flood discharge in rivers such as rivers, and the flood discharge capacity is insufficient; Third, the safety construction of flood storage and detention areas around Hongze Lake has not yet started, and the safety construction of Baoji polder area is progressing slowly. Expanding the downstream spillway can not meet the requirements of watershed management, nor can it meet the needs of the rapid development of national economy in this area. In particular, Hongze Lake, as a giant reservoir, is related to the safety of more than 26 million people and nearly 30 million mu of cultivated land downstream, and its flood control status is extremely important.

According to the management policy of "simultaneously storing and discharging, focusing on discharging", the basin planning will consolidate the storage capacity of Hongze Lake, restore the ability of flood returning to rivers, expand the scale of flood entering the sea, and improve the camera access. By 20 10, the flood control standard of the lower reaches of Huaihe River reaches 100. In case of over-standard flood, the northern section of the open channel will be diverted to ensure the safety of Hongze Lake levee and Liyun Hexi levee.

4. Haihe River

Haihe River Basin belongs to the continental monsoon climate zone, with an average annual precipitation of 548 mm, which is unevenly distributed during the year. The average precipitation in flood season (June-September) accounts for 75%-85% of the whole year. The annual precipitation varies greatly. The precipitation in 1964 is 798mm, and that in 1965 is only 358mm, with a ratio of 2.23. The average annual runoff of Haihe River Basin is 26.4 billion m3 (according to the data of 1.956 ~ 1.984). At 1956, the maximum is 54.2 billion m3; 198 1, the minimum value is11200 million m3, and the ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value is 4.83. The annual distribution of runoff is generally that the runoff from June to September accounts for 70% ~ 80% of the whole year, and individual rivers reach 90%; Some rivers have spring flood and spring water recharge, and the runoff from June to September only accounts for 50% ~ 60% of the annual runoff. The characteristics of large annual variation and concentrated distribution of river runoff indicate that the flood in Haihe River basin may be small in dry years and large in wet years. The rainstorm in this basin is characterized by short time and high intensity, which is concentrated from late July to early August. Flood corresponds to rainstorm, and the maximum flood volume in 30 days generally accounts for 50% ~ 90% of the flood volume in flood season (June ~ September), while the flood volume in 5 ~ 7 days can account for 60% ~ 90% of the flood volume in 30 days, and the flood peaks are mostly sharp and thin. It is worth noting that the rainstorm intensity and flood peak modulus in this basin reached the maximum in Chinese mainland. For example, from August 2nd to 8th, 1963 was convicted in Neiqiu County, Hebei Province. D Rainfall is 2050mm, catchment area of Yu Tai Station, a tributary of Fuyang River 124km2, 1963, flood peak flow of 3900m3/s, and flood peak modulus of 3 1.4m3/(s.km2).

5. Shenzhen River

Shenzhen River Basin belongs to the maritime climate of south subtropical monsoon, with abundant and concentrated rainfall. 4 ~ 10 is the flood season, in which April ~ June is the first flood season and July ~ September is the second flood season. Mainly affected by disastrous typhoons and tropical troughs, often accompanied by heavy rains and storm surges, the urbanization area is gradually increasing, which makes it have the characteristics of fast runoff production and short confluence time. Storm surge will also raise the tide level in Shenzhen Bay, resulting in poor drainage of Shenzhen River and flooding on both sides.

"Shenzhen River" is the boundary river between Shenzhen and Hongkong, a symbol of humiliation in modern China, the most direct witness of the historical changes of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone's reform and opening up, and the mother river of Shenzhen. Shenzhen River is the longest river in Hong Kong and is designated as the border between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland. Since 1898, this river has been used as the 99-year boundary for leasing the New Territories of Hong Kong. This river lies between the North District of Hong Kong and Shenzhen City of Guangdong Province. It originated in Wu Tong, Shenzhen, and finally flowed into Deep Bay near Mai Po.

As an important gateway of China, "Shenzhen River" has long been an important frontier defense line to combat smuggling and smuggling, and the area around 50 meters of the river is regarded as a military restricted area. The winding "Shenzhen River" is strange and mysterious to most people.

6. Mudanjiang

Mudanjiang is 725 kilometers long and has a drainage area of 37,444 square kilometers.

Mudanjiang twists and turns, flowing in the mountains of Laoyeling, hence the name Mudanjiang, which means a winding river. It turned out to be the name of the station, which was used as a place name when the city was built.

7. Ussuri River

The Wusuli River has a total length of 890, a drainage area of 187000, and a flow of 2000 cubic meters per second.

Wusuli River is the main tributary of Heilongjiang. The upper reaches of the river are formed by the confluence of the Wula River and the Dobby River, which flows northeast to Boli area, sharply turns southwest, and then flows into Heilongjiang. The Wusuli River is 880 kilometers long with a drainage area of nearly190,000 square kilometers. From the injection point of Songgacha River, a tributary of Songgacha River, to the intersection of Songgacha River and Heilongjiang River, it is the boundary river between China and Russia.

There is an island about two kilometers long on the Wusuli River called Zhenbao Island, which is located at 46.5 degrees north latitude and near 0/34 degrees east longitude. Originally it extended from China to Wusuli Peninsula, and later it became an island after a long-term impact of water.

The aquatic products in Wusuli River basin are also very rich, including redundant flower fish, bighead carp, sturgeon, Pearl, etc., as well as specialty salmon, the largest of which is four or five meters long and weighs seven or eight hundred kilograms. This kind of fish is very abundant in the fish season, which is simply amazing. According to the Records of Heilongjiang, every autumn, it goes upstream from the sea and cannot be driven into the river.

The Wusuli River has an ice age of more than four months every year, and it is completely navigable. The river has become a smooth road for sledding, but it can still be used for ice fishing.

8. Nenjiang

The largest tributary of Songhua River. Located in the middle of Heilongjiang Province, China. It rises in Ilhuli Mountain at the northern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains, reaches Zhenlai County in the south, and flows into Songhua River at Sancha River via Da 'an City, Jilin Province. Long1370km, with a drainage area of 283,000km2. The tributaries mainly include Ganhe River, Namur River, Nuo Min River, Chu Er River and Taoer River. The upper reaches of the main tributaries flow through forest-covered mountainous areas, with good vegetation, light soil erosion and small sediment concentration. The middle and lower reaches pass through Songnen Plain, and the middle part passes through diluvial platform, with steep slope and strong river erosion, which has become an important source of sediment in Songhua River. Downstream is the boundary river between Kyrgyzstan and Heilongjiang Province, with a small slope, winding and slow flow, with a width of 400 ~ 1000m, and many netted flow paths and numerous sandbars and islands in the middle of the river. Wetlands and marshes are widely distributed along the river, and lakes and bubbles are connected.

9. Songhua River

Songhua River Basin is located in the northeast of China, with a length of 920km from east to west and a width of 1070km from north to south. The basin covers an area of 556,800 square kilometers. Songhua River is the largest tributary on the right bank of Heilongjiang.

Songhua River flows through Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jilin provinces (regions), connecting major industrial cities such as Harbin, Jiamusi, Qiqihar and Jilin, and international rivers such as Heilongjiang and Wugong Lijiang. It is the most important waterway trunk line in Northeast China, and electricity is one of the key rivers in inland navigation construction in China. Songhuajiang waterway has a total mileage of 2667km, and can be navigable to ships of 50 ~ 1000t class. There are 65,438 large and small port stations and loading and unloading points, including 28 large ports.

Songhua River is the largest tributary of Heilongjiang. The total length is 1.900 km, and the drainage area is 545,600 square kilometers, which exceeds the Pearl River drainage area and accounts for 69.32% of the total area of the three northeastern provinces. The total runoff is 75.9 billion cubic meters, exceeding the total runoff of the Yellow River.

Pearl River 10

It is the largest water system in the south of China, and it is also called the seven major rivers in China along with the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, Songhua River and Liaohe River.

Its main stream, Xijiang, originates from Maxiong Mountain in Zhanyi County, northeast Yunnan, and flows through Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi (autonomous region), Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions. In Sanshui, Guangdong, it joins the Beijiang River and flows into the South China Sea from eight estuaries in the Pearl River Delta region. Almost all the Beijiang River and Dongjiang River systems are in Guangdong.

The Pearl River runs through six provinces (autonomous regions) in southern China and northern Vietnam, including Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi, with a total length of 22 14km and a total drainage area of 453690km2, including 442 100km2 in China and1590km2 in Vietnam.

The Pearl River Basin is located in the subtropical zone, and the Tropic of Cancer runs through the middle of the basin, with a mild and rainy climate. The annual average temperature 14 ~ 22℃ and the annual average rainfall 1200 ~ 2200mm. The rainfall distribution obviously decreases gradually from east to west, and the rainfall distribution is uneven during the year, with great regional differences and great interannual changes.

The average annual runoff of the Pearl River is 336 billion cubic meters, including 238 billion cubic meters in Xijiang, 39.4 billion cubic meters in Beijiang, 23.8 billion cubic meters in Dongjiang and 34.8 billion cubic meters in Delta. The distribution of annual runoff is extremely uneven. The flood season from April to September accounts for about 80% of the total annual runoff, and it accounts for more than 50% in June, July and August. The Pearl River is rich in water resources, with a per capita water resource of 4,700 cubic meters, which is equivalent to 1.7 times of the national average. However, the interannual variation and uneven spatial and temporal distribution have caused frequent natural disasters such as floods, droughts and saline-alkali in the basin.

The flood in the Pearl River basin has the characteristics of high peak, large volume and long duration. The main weather systems causing floods in this basin are flood peak or static peak and southwest trough, followed by tropical depression and typhoon. Rainstorms and floods often occur in June, July and August every year.

Liaohe 1 1

Liaohe River, located in the southeast, is the largest river in the southeast and one of the seven rivers in China. Known as the "mother river" of Liaoning people. Geographical location is between 1 17 00' in the east and 40 30' ~ 4510' in the north. It borders Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea in the south, Inner Mongolia inland river and Hebei Hailuan River basin in the southwest, and Songhua River basin in the north.

Liaohe River system has 29 main tributaries, with an absorption capacity of over 65,438+000 kilometers. Almost all the water systems in Liaohe River Basin are controlled by reservoirs, and the water level fluctuates greatly. The coastal areas of the basin are mostly arid desert hills with serious soil erosion and shallow riverbed siltation. From late May to mid-September, the average daily water temperature is generally above 20℃, which is the peak season for fish growth. 10 The ice age is from mid-October to early April of the following year, and the ice thickness is 60 ~ 90 cm.

Yalu river 12

Yalu River flows through the border between Jilin and Liaoning provinces, which is the boundary river between China and North Korea. It originated at the southern foot of General Peak in Changbai Mountain, and its source is 2300 meters above sea level. It flows to the southwest and flows into the Yellow Sea in Dandong. The total length of the river is 795 kilometers, the drainage area is 63,788 square kilometers, and the flow rate is 1.005 cubic meters per second. The main tributaries of China are Hunjiang River, Ai He River and Pushi River.

65438-0988 Yalu River was approved by the State Council as the second batch of national scenic spots in the name of Liaoning Yalu River Scenic Spot.