Please compare the complete original text and complete translation of the "Biography of the Huns" in "Historical Records"

Biographies of the Xiongnu

Original Notes

The Xiongnu are descendants of their ancestor Xiahou clan, also known as Chunwei. In the Tang and Yu periods, there were Shanrong, yangxu, and Xunzhu ②, who lived in the northern barbarians and moved along with their livestock. The most common animals are horses, cows, and sheep, and the rare animals are 駐駞③, donkeys, 駃騠⑤, 駊駼⑥, and 騨騱⑦. Following the migration of water and grass, the city walls are often used for farming, but each has its own land. No documents⑨, only words as restraint. The younger one can ride a sheep, draw a bow and shoot birds and mice, and the younger one can shoot foxes and rabbits for food. The warriors can use no bows and can only serve as armored cavalry. The custom is to follow the animals (11) if it is broad, because shooting and hunting animals is a livelihood, but if it is urgent, people are accustomed to fighting and attacking, and it is their nature. The long soldiers are bows and arrows, and the short soldiers are swords and collars (12). If it is beneficial, it will advance; if it is unfavorable, it will retreat. Don't be ashamed to run away. Seeking profit and not knowing etiquette and justice. From the king down, he eats the meat of animals, wears their hides, and wears fur (13). The strong eat rich food, and the old eat the rest. The strong and healthy eat more, and the old and the weak eat less. If the father dies, his wife will be his stepmother; if his brother dies, his wife will be his wife (14). It is customary to have a name, but no surname.

①Miao Yi: descendants. ②Tang: Tao Tang, that is, Yao. Yu: That is Yu Shun. ③搐駞 (tuó tuó, camel): Same as "搐駞", that is, camel. ④? (luó, Luo): Tong "mule", a person born from the cross between a female horse and a male donkey. ⑤駃騠 (jué tí, jueti): a donkey and mule that is a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. ⑥Fan Jun: a kind of good horse. ⑦騨騱 (tuó xí, camel seat): the name of a wild horse. ⑧无: means "nothing". Place: residence. ⑨Documents: written books. ⑩No bow: open the bow through "Guan Gong". (11) Wide: When not fighting. (12) 亶 (chán, greedy): a small spear with an iron handle. (13) Being: Tong "Phi". Zhan (zhān, Zhan) Qiu: Clothes made of animal hair and skins. (14) Take: Same as "marry".

Xia Dao declined, and Gong Liu lost his official position in Ji, and was transferred to Xirong, and the city was transferred to Bin①. Later, when he was more than 300 years old, Rong Di attacked the king Danfu, and Danfu fled to Qixia. The Bin people followed Danfu to Yan, and became the Zhou Dynasty. Later, when he was more than a hundred years old, Bochang of the Western Zhou Dynasty attacked the Yi clan. More than ten years later, King Wu defeated Zhou and camped in Luoyi,5 and settled in Fenghao again. He exiled Rongyijing and Luozhibei, paying tribute at the right time, and was named "Huangfu"6. More than two hundred years later, the state of Zhou declined, and King Mu attacked Quanrong, and brought back four white wolves and four white deer. From then on, I couldn't get enough of it. So Zhou Sui wrote the introduction to "Fu Xing" ⑧. More than 200 years after King Mu, King You of Zhou used his favored concubine to praise Si, which was why he had a disagreement with Marquis Shen. The Marquis of Shen was angry and joined forces with the Quan Rong army to attack and kill King You of Zhou at the foot of Mount Li. Then he took Jiaohuo of Zhou and settled between Jing and Wei, invading China (11). Qin Xianggong rescued Zhou, so King Ping of Zhou went to Fenghao and moved east to Luoyi. At that time, Qin Xianggong attacked the Rong army and reached Qi, and he was first classified as a prince. It is the last sixty and five years. However, Shan Rong crossed over Yan and attacked Qi, and Duke Li of Qi fought with them in the suburbs of Qi. In the next forty-four years, the Shan army attacked Yan. Yan complained to Qi, and Duke Huan of Qi attacked the Shan Rong in the north, and the Shan Rong fled (12). More than twenty years later, the Rongdi army came to Luoyi and attacked King Xiang of Zhou Dynasty. King Xiang rushed to Zheng Zhifanyi. At the beginning, King Xiang of Zhou wanted to attack Zheng, so he married Rong Di's daughter as his queen and joined forces with Rong Di soldiers to attack Zheng. Empress Di has been deposed (13), Empress Di complained, and Queen Xiang's mother said that Empress Hui had a son and wanted to establish her, so Empress Hui, Empress Di and Zidai became internal correspondents, and opened the Rong Di (14), Rong Di was able to gain access, defeated King Xiang of Zhou, and established his son as the emperor. So Rong and Di lived in Luhun, and moved east to Wei, where they invaded, robbed, and tyrannized China. China is diseased (15), so the poet sang: "Rong Di is the answer" (16), "Thinly cutting down the yeon, as far as the Great Plains" (17), "Peng Peng is sent out, and the slope is Shuofang" (18). King Xiang of Zhou had been abroad for four years, so he sent envoys to the Jin Dynasty for help. When Duke Wen of Jin was first established, he wanted to establish hegemony, so he raised an army to attack Rong Zhai (19), executed his son, and welcomed King Xiang of the Inner Zhou Dynasty (20), and settled in Luoyi.

① Yi: a place of settlement. This refers to the establishment of a city. ②Da (tài, Tai) Wang Danfu: That is, Gu Gong Danfu. ③ Run away: run away. ④Xibo (bà, dam): Tong "Xiba", the leader of the Western princes. Chang: That is Jichang, King Wen of Zhou Dynasty. ⑤ Camp: Construction. ⑥Desolate Server: The farthest place from the royal capital. Note: "Shang Shu·Yu Gong" divides places outside the ancient royal capital into five types of clothing, namely Dian clothing, Hou clothing, Sui clothing, Yao clothing and Huangfu. Each service is five hundred miles away, and the desolate service is two thousand five hundred miles away from the capital. ⑦ King Mu: That is Ji Man, King Mu of Zhou. ⑧ "Fu Xing": "Lü Xing" was written in "Shang Shu", which was the criminal law formulated by King Mu of Zhou by his prime minister Lu Hou. Lu Hou later became Fu Hou, so he was also called "Fu Xing" Pi: Fa. ⑨Use: because. ⑩Shen Hou: The king of Shen State in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Her daughter was the queen of Zhou Youwang. King Houyou loved Bao Si and deposed the queen shen and the prince Yijiu. The Marquis of Shen then secretly formed an alliance with the state of Zeng and Quanrong, attacked and killed King You, captured Bao Si, and made King Ping the emperor. See Volume 4 of Zhou Benji. But: pass "gap", private hatred. (11) Violence: Violation. China: refers to the Central Plains region. (12) Go: run away. (13) Deposed: abolished. (14) Kai Rong Di: Open the city gate and put in Rong Di. (15) Disease: Hate. (16) Poet: refers to the author of "The Book of Songs". The poem "Rong Di is Ying" quoted here is quoted from "The Book of Songs·Lu Song·? Palace". The original text "Ying" is "Ying", which means to strike. The full sentence means "to attack Rong Di". (17) Bo Fa: crusade. "Bo" is the initial auxiliary verb. This sentence is quoted from "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·June". (18) Peng Peng: Tong "? (peng, friend)?", looks like Ma Shengduo. City: build a city. Shuofang: North. (19) Rong Zhai: Tong "Rong Di". (20) Inside: Same as "Na".

At that time, Qin and Jin were powerful countries. Duke Wen of Jin fought against Rong Zhai, and he lived between Ji and Luo in Hexi Province. They were named Chi Zhai and Bai Zhai. Duke Mu of Qin got Yu, and the eight kingdoms of Xirong were subordinated to Qin. Therefore, from the west of Long there were Mianzhu, Nirong, Zhai, and Zhirong. To the north of Qi, Liangshan, Jing, and Qi were Yiqu, Dali, Wushi, and Quyan. Zhirong ③. In the north of Shanxi there are Linhu and Loufanzhi Rong, and in the north of Yan there are Donghu and Shanrong. Each is scattered in the valley, and each has its own king. But there are more than a hundred Rong who gather together from time to time, but none of them can be unified.

For more than a hundred years since then, the envoys of the Jin Dynasty, Wei Jiang and Rong Zhai, were envoys to the Jin Dynasty. More than a hundred years later, Zhao Xiangzi broke the comment and replaced it with Linhu Raccoon⑥. Later, after joining hands with Han and Wei, they destroyed Zhibo and divided the land of Jin. Then Zhao had Dai and Juzhu to the north, and Wei had Hexi and Shangjun to border with the Rong. Afterwards, the troops of Yiqu built the city walls to defend themselves, but Qin gradually encroached on them. As for King Hui, he took out the twenty-five cities of Yiqu⑦. King Hui attacked Wei, and all of Wei entered Xihe and Shangjun before Qin. During the reign of King Zhao of Qin, King Yiqurong and Empress Dowager Xuan had a rebellion, and they had two sons. Empress Dowager Xuan deceived and killed the Rong King of Yiqu in Ganquan 9, and then launched an army to attack Canyiqu. So Qin had Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun, and built the Great Wall to keep out the Hu. King Wuling of Zhao also changed his clothes to Hu clothes, learned to ride and shoot, and defeated Linhu and Loufan in the north. Build the Great Wall, and merge it with the foot of Yinshan Mountain (11), with the highest tower as a fortress (12). And put Yunzhong, Yanmen and Daijun. Later, Yan Youxian's general Qin Kai held hostage to Hu, and Hu Jinxin believed in him. When they returned, they attacked and defeated Donghu, but Donghu was more than a thousand miles away. The person who assassinated King Qin Wuyang with Jing Ke was the grandson of Kai. Yan also built the Great Wall from Zaoyang to Xiangping, and placed Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong counties to resist the Hu. At that time, the crown was in the Warring States Period VII (13), and the Three Kingdoms were bordering the Xiongnu. Later, when Zhao general Li Mu was in charge, the Huns did not dare to enter Zhao's border. Later Qin destroyed the six kingdoms, and the First Emperor sent Meng Tian to attack the Hu with an army of 100,000 people from the north, and took all the land in Henan. Because the river was a blockade (14), forty-four counties were built near the river, and they were moved to the appropriate garrison to fill it (15). As for the straight road, from Jiuyuan to Yunyang, it can be repaired due to the dangerous side mountains, gorges and valleys (16), and it starts from Lintao to Liaodong for more than 10,000 miles. He crossed the river again and occupied Yangshan North Holiday Center (17).

At that time, Donghu was strong and Yueshi was prosperous. The Xiongnu Chanyu called Touman (18). Touman was unable to defeat Qin and moved north. After more than ten years, Meng Tian died, and the princes came to Qin (19). China was in chaos, and all those who had been moved by Qin and were suitable for guarding the border returned. As a result, the Xiongnu gained more freedom and resumed a little crossing of the border between Henan and China at the old fortress (20).

①: exclude. ②忁 (yín, silver): the name of the river. ③Qi: The name of the river. ④Often: often. ⑤One: unified with each other. ⑥ Sentence (gōu, ditch) Note: Mountain name. Break and merge: break and annex. Generation: place name. Raccoon dog: or "貊". ⑦Pull: attack. ⑧Queen Mother Xuan: Queen Mother of Qin Zhao. Chaos: refers to adultery. ⑨Ganquan: the name of Qin Palace. ⑩ King Wuling of Zhao's Hufu riding and shooting incident, please see Volume 43 "Zhao Shijia" for details. (11) And: along. (12) Gaoque: The name of the mountain. (13) Crown belt: wear hat and belt. This is the costume of high-ranking officials in ancient times and is also a symbol of civilized etiquette. (14) Cause: depend on. River: Yellow River. (15) Shi (zhé, philosophy): Tong "relegated", a person who commits a crime is exiled. (16) Repair: Governance. (17) Degree: Tong "crossing". Yangshan: The name of the mountain. Beijia: place name. (18) Chanyu: The title of the leader of the Xiongnu. (19) Side: Tong "rebellion". (20) slightly: gradually, gradually. River: Yellow River. Boundary: border. Therefore: old.

The Chanyu had a prince named Maodun. Later, he fell in love with the Yan family and gave birth to a few sons. However, Chanyu wanted to depose Maodun and establish a younger son, so he made Maodun hostage to the Yuezhi. Since Maodun is based on Yuezhi, Touman attacks Yuezhi quickly. Yuezhi wanted to kill Mao Dun, but Mao Dun stole his good horse and rode it back home. Touman thought he was strong and ordered his generals to ride ten thousand horses②. Mao Dun, as Ming Dy, learned how to shoot on horseback, and ordered: "If you don't know what to shoot with Ming Dy, kill him." When hunting birds and beasts, if there are those who don't shoot what Ming Dy shoots, they will be beheaded. Now, Mao Dun will shoot his good horse with the sound of a thunderbolt. If there are those on the left and right who dare not shoot, Mao Dun will kill those who fail to shoot the good horse. After a short while, he shot his beloved wife again with the sound of a thunderbolt. Some people on the left and right were too frightened to shoot him, so he suddenly killed her again. While he was in the area, Mao suddenly went out hunting and shot Shanyu Shanyu's horse with a blast. He shot at both left and right horses. So Mao Dun knew that both his left and right sides could be used. His father, Shanyu Touman, hunted and shot Touman with a thunderbolt. His left and right people also shot Shanyu Touman with the sound of dysprosium. Then his stepmother, younger brother and other officials who disobeyed were executed. Maodun established himself as Chanyu.

① Yan family: the first wife of the Xiongnu Chanyu. ②General: to lead. Riding: Cavalry. ③Mingdy: An arrow that makes a sound after being shot. ④Xile: training, restraint.

After Maodun was established, Donghu was strong and powerful at that time. Hearing that Maodun killed his father and established himself on his own, he sent an envoy to call Maodun. When he wanted to win Touman, he had a thousand-mile horse. Mao Dun asked the officials, and they all said: "A thousand-mile horse is just like the Xiongnu's horse, so don't give it to me." Mao Dun said, "Why do you love a horse when you are a neighboring country?" So he gave him the thousand-mile horse. While living there, Donghu thought that Mao Dun was afraid of him, so he sent an envoy to call Mao Dun, hoping to get Shan Yu's family. Mao Dun asked the left and right again, and they all said angrily: "Dong Hu has no way, so he seeks the Yan family! Please attack her." Mao Dun said, "Why do you love a woman from a neighboring country?" So he gave Dong Hu the Yan family he loved. . King Donghu became more and more arrogant and invaded the west. Between them and the Xiongnu, there is an abandoned land in the middle, where Mo lives, more than a thousand miles away, and each of them lives on the edge of Outuo. The Donghu envoy said to Mao Dun: "The Huns have abandoned the land outside Ou, which is our border. The Huns cannot reach it. I want to have it." Mao Dun asked the officials, and the officials probably said: "Give them this abandoned land." It's okay, but it's okay not to give it." So Mao Dun said angrily: "The land is the foundation of the country, how can I give it to you?" Everyone who said so would be killed. Maodun mounted his horse and ordered the latter to behead the latter, so he attacked Donghu from the east. At the beginning of Donghu's life, he was suddenly surprised and unprepared. Then Maodun arrived with his troops, attacked and destroyed King Donghu, and captured his people and livestock.

After returning, he defeated the Yuezhi in the west, and joined Loufan and Aries Henan Wang in the south. (Invasion of the Yan Dynasty) The Xiongnu lands captured by Meng Tian, ??sent by the Qin Dynasty, were recovered, and the Han Pass was blocked in Henan. When they arrived at Chaoyang and Fushi, they invaded the Yan and Dai Dynasties. At that time, the Han soldiers were far away from Xiang Yu, and China had stopped the military revolution. Therefore, Maodun strengthened itself and had more than 300,000 men who controlled the strings.

①Love: stinginess. ②Outuo: Lookout post. Or be interpreted as a buffer zone. ③Aries Henan King: a king of the Huns. According to Baiyang, they are another tribe of the Xiongnu and live south of Hetao, so they are called this. ④Bai: To relieve "tiredness". ⑤ String Controller: A warrior who can draw a bow and shoot arrows.

From Chunwei to Touman, he was more than a thousand years old. Sometimes he was big and sometimes he was small, and he was separated and separated. It is still ①, and his descendants are not available, so it is said ②. However, in Maodun, the Xiongnu were the most powerful, and they all obeyed the Northern Yi ③ , while the south and China were enemies of the country ④ , and their official titles passed down from generation to generation can be obtained and recorded in the clouds ⑤ .

Place the left and right virtuous kings, the left and right kings of Guli, the left and right generals, the left and right captains, the left and right Danghu, and the left and right Guduhou. The Xiongnu called the virtuous "Slaughter of Qi", so they often regarded the prince as the king of Zuo Qi. From the left and right, the virtuous kings come down to the household, the big one is ten thousand cavalry, the small one is thousands of people, all twenty-four are long, and they are named "ten thousand cavalry". All ministers are officials of the world⑥. The Huyan family, the Lan family, and the Xub family after them, these three surnames are of noble origin. The kings of the left will live in the east, and those who go straight up the valley will be connected to the east by Hui Raccoon and Korea 7; the kings on the right will live in the west, directly to the west of the commandery, connected with the Yueshi, Di and Qiang; and the court of Chanyu will be directly connected to Yunzhong 8: Each has its own land and migrates according to water and grass. Among them, the left and right Xianwang and the left and right Guli kings were the largest (states), and the left and right Guduhous assisted in the administration. The twenty-four chiefs also each assigned Qianchang, Baichang, Shenchang, Xiao Wang, Xiang, Feng Duwei, Du Hu, and Qi Qu.

① Shang: long time ago. ②Genesis: lineage. Order: Arrange in order. ③Obey: to obey. ④Enemy country: A rival country. ⑤ Official title: Official title. ⑥Shiguan: Hereditary official. ⑦Uradog: ethnic name. ⑧Ting: Shanyu’s royal court. Straight: facing directly.

On the first lunar month of the year, all the elders and young ones gathered in the court and went to the temple. In the fifth month, a large gathering was held in the city to offer sacrifices to ancestors, heaven and earth, ghosts and gods. In autumn, the horses are fat, the cocoons are gathered in the forest, and the classes are organized for people and animals①. The method is that the person who pulls out the ruler will die ②, and the person who is a robber will have his house confiscated ③; if he is guilty, the small one will be crushed ④, and the big one will die. The length of a prison sentence is no more than ten days, and the number of prisoners in a country is no more than a few. When Shanyu left camp in the morning, he worshiped the sun at dawn and the moon at night. He sits, long to the left and north of Xiang ⑤. Sunshang Wuji ⑥. When he was sent to death, he had a coffin, a coffin, gold and silver clothes, and no mourning clothes. 7 Recently, many of his concubines and concubines died, numbering in the thousands and hundreds. When doing things, wait for the stars and the moon ⑨. When the moon is strong, you will attack, and when the moon is weak, you will retreat. During the attack, he beheaded the captives and gave them a cup of wine, and the resulting wine was given to them, and they were treated as slaves. Therefore, in war, everyone has his own interests and interests (11), and he is good at luring troops to risk the enemy (12). Therefore, when they see the enemy, they seek advantage, like birds gathering together; when they are defeated, they disintegrate and disperse. If you support the deceased in battle (13), you will get all the wealth of the deceased.

Afterwards, the north conquered the countries of Hunqi, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun and Xinli. So the nobles and ministers of the Xiongnu all obeyed and regarded Maodun Shanyu as a virtuous man.

① Chulin: the place where the Xiongnu held sacrifices in the autumn gathering in August. Classroom: Assessment calculation. Count: number. ② Draw the blade ruler: If you intend to kill someone, pull the knife out of the scabbard one foot. ③ Sitting on theft: committing the crime of theft. Sitting down is a sin. Home: refers to family property. ④Roll (yà, press): a punishment of rolling the joints of the body. One said it was a punishment of being stabbed in the face. ⑤Beixiang: Facing north. Township means "direction". ⑥Day: day. Above: Tong "Shang", respect. ⑦Sealing tree: The tree that serves as a symbol on the grave. It is called sealing by piling up soil to form a grave. ⑧Thousands and hundreds of people: "Hanshu Biography of the Xiongnu" says "tens of hundreds of people", yes. ⑨ Act: act. This refers to major events such as wars. Hou Xingyue: Observe the stars and the moon. ⑩Beheading: Kill and capture enemies. Luhuo: refers to spoils of war. (11) Interest: Tong "trend". (12) Risking the enemy: attacking the enemy. (13) Fuyu the dead: Bring the bodies of the war dead back for burial.

At that time, the Han Dynasty first settled in China, and the king of Han Dynasty moved to Han Dynasty. His capital was Mayi. The Xiongnu attacked and besieged Mayi, and the King of Han surrendered to the Xiongnu. The Huns were convinced, so they led their troops to the south to attack Taiyuan and reached Jinyang. Emperor Gao sent his troops to attack him. It was very cold, rainy and snowy in the winter, and the soldiers lost their fingers to twelve or three, so they fled in a hurry to lure the Han soldiers. The Han soldiers attacked Maodun one after another, but Maodun hid his elite troops and saw that they were weak. So the Han soldiers gathered ⑥ and more infantry, 320,000, and drove them north ⑦. Gaodi arrived at Pingcheng first, but before all the infantry could arrive, Maodun sent 400,000 elite troops to surround Gaodi in Baideng. For seven days, Han soldiers, both Chinese and foreign, could not come to rescue him. The Huns rode on white horses in the west, green partridge horses in the east, black horses in the north, and gelding horses in the south. Emperor Gao sent an envoy to the Yan family (11), and the Yan family said to Maodun: "The two masters are not trapped in each other. Now we have the land of Han, but Shanyu will never be able to live there. Moreover, the king of Han also has gods, Shanyu "On Chazhi." Mao Dun and Han Wangxin's generals Wang Huang and Zhao Liqi (12), but Huang and Libing did not come, suspected that they had conspiracies with the Han, and also took Yan's advice to help relieve the siege. So Emperor Gao ordered his soldiers to hold Man Fu Shi Wai Xiang (13), go straight out from Jiejiao, and join the army, while Maodun led his troops away. Han also led his troops to retreat (14), and made Liu Jing make a peace treaty (15).

① Han Wangxin: Han Xin. His life and events can be found in Volume 93 of "The Biography of Han Xin and Lu Wan". ②Rain and snow: snowing. ③Finger drop: Fingers are frozen off. ④Details: Pass "pretend", pretend. ⑤ See the same as "present". Leiwei: Thin and weak, refers to old, weak and disabled soldiers. ⑥Xi Bing: All the troops are dispatched. ⑦ Chase: Chase. ⑧青駹 (máng, blind) horse: green horse. ⑨Wuli horse: dark horse. ⑩鍍马: red horse. (11) Room: conducted in secret. Yi (wèi, Wei): gift. (12) Issue: Dating.

(13) Hold full: draw the bow full. Fu Ya: The arrow is on the string. Foreign country: means "outward", facing outward. (14) Stop: Return. (15) Harmony: This refers to the marriage relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu rulers to live in harmony. This policy was proposed by Liu Jing. In 198 BC, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty sent Liu Jing to the Xiongnu to conclude a peace treaty.

After that, King Xin of the Later Han Dynasty was a general of the Xiongnu, and he, together with Zhao Li, Wang Huang and others, invaded Dai and Yunzhong several times. After a short period of time, Chen Xi rebelled and conspired with Han Xin to attack Dai. The Han sent Fan Kuai to attack it and restored the counties of Dai, Yanmen and Yunzhong without leaving the fortress. At that time, the Xiongnu sent Han generals to surrender, so Maodun often came and went to invade Dai Dai's land. As a result, the Han Dynasty was troubled, and the Emperor Gao ordered Liu Jing to serve the princess of the clan as the Shan Yuyan, and to offer the Xiongnu silk, wine, rice and food every year. Lu Wan, King of Later Yan, rebelled and led thousands of his party to surrender to the Huns, traveling east of Kushang Valley.

After the death of Emperor Gaozu and the reign of Xiaohui and Empress Dowager Lu, the Han Dynasty was initially settled, so the Xiongnu became arrogant. Maodun was a high-ranking queen who left the book and made false claims ⑥. When Empress Gao wanted to attack them, the generals said: "Since Emperor Gao is wise and powerful, he is still trapped in Pingcheng." So Empress Gao stopped and made peace with the Xiongnu again.

①Number: multiple times. times: means "back", to abandon. ②Chen Xi’s rebellion can be found in Volume 93 of "The Biography of Han Xin and Lu Wan". ③Feng: Offer. Clan: royal family. ④ Lu Wan’s rebellion can be found in Volume 93 of the biography. ⑤Bitterness: hardship. ⑥For a book: write a letter. Yi (wèi, Wei): to give. Empress Gao: Empress Lu. Nonsense: nonsense. According to Mao Dun's words in the "Hanshu Biography of the Xiongnu": "The lonely and angry king was born in Juze and grew up in the plains of wild cattle and horses. When he reached the border, he was willing to travel to China. Your Majesty is independent and lonely and angry. Living alone. The two masters are unhappy and have nothing to worry about. They are willing to give up what they have and what they have lost." The letter is full of contempt and insults towards Han and Gaohou.

When Emperor Xiaowen was first established, he resumed the marriage affairs. In the fifth month of the third year of his reign (1), King Youxian of the Xiongnu entered Henan, invaded and plundered Shangjun Baosai barbarians (2), and killed the people (3). So Emperor Xiaowen ordered Prime Minister Guan Ying to send out 85,000 chariots and ride on Gaonu ④ to attack King Youxian. King Youxian walked out of the fortress. Emperor Wen was lucky enough to be in Taiyuan. At that time, the king of Jibei rebelled, Emperor Wen returned, and dismissed the prime minister to attack Hu's soldiers.

The next year, the Chanyu left a book to the Han Dynasty and said: "The Great Chanyu of the Xiongnu, established by heaven, asked the emperor how he was doing. In the past, the emperor made peace with the marriage, saying that the book means 7, and Hehuan 8. The Han border officials invaded and insulted King Youxian, King Youxian did not invite him, and he listened to Houyi Luhou Nan's plan, so he distanced himself from the Han officials, broke the agreement between the two masters, and separated from the brotherhood. Later, the Han envoys did not come, and the Han Dynasty was at odds with him because of this, and the neighboring countries did not join him. Now, because of the defeat of the small official, he punished the right king and sent him to the west to seek the Yuezhi to attack him (11). With good officers and strong horses, they destroyed the Yuezhi (12) and killed them all. Dingloulan, Wusun, Hujie and the twenty-six neighboring countries were all thought to be Xiongnu people. We are one family. Beizhou has been decided, and we are willing to rest and raise horses (13), put aside the past, and restore the old agreement to calm the border people and respond to the ancient times (14), so that the young can grow up and the old can live in peace. The emperor's ambitions were not met (15), so he asked the doctor to send him a horse (16), ride two horses, and drive two horses. The emperor did not want the Xiongnu to approach the fortress. (17) Then he ordered the officials and the people to stay far away (18). When the envoys arrived, they were sent to the place of Xinwang in the middle of June. When the book arrived, the Han Dynasty discussed whether to attack or to make peace. All the ministers said: "The Shanyu Xinpo Yuezhi will take advantage of the victory and cannot be attacked. Moreover, the Xiongnu land, Zelu (19), is uninhabitable. It is very convenient to make peace." The Han Dynasty promised it.

①Three years: the third year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (177 BC). ②Bao: Pass "fort". ③ Killing Strategy: Through "killing and plundering", killing and plundering. ④棣: go, 萁...go. ⑤King of Jibei: Liu Xingju, the son of Liu Fei, the eldest son of Han Emperor Gaozu. ⑥Stop: Lift. ⑥Same: commensurate. The meaning of the letter: the purpose in the letter. ⑧Acacia: Both parties are happy. ⑨Let the letter: a letter of reproach. Again: the second time. ⑩Defeat: Destruction, destruction. (11) Seek: seek, seek. (12) Destroy: pacify, eliminate. (13) End of war: truce. (14) Shigu: Since ancient times. (15) Chi: mind (16) Pluck him: camel. (17) That is: if. (18) And: will. (19) Zelu: low-lying saline-alkali land.

In the sixth year before Emperor Xiaowen, ①, the Han Dynasty left a letter to the Xiongnu saying: "The emperor asked the Xiongnu whether the Great Chan was okay. The envoy sent a doctor to Yu Qian to leave a letter to me saying: 'Youxian King will not invite you, but he will listen to his wishes. The Lu Hou Nan family and others planned to break the agreement between the two masters and break away from the brothers' relationship. Because of this, the Han Dynasty was at odds with the neighboring countries. Now that the small official broke the agreement, King You Xian was punished and sent to the west to attack the Yue family. I hope that the soldiers will rest and raise their horses, put aside the past affairs, and renew the old agreement, so as to bring peace to the people on the border, so that the young can grow up, the old can live in peace, and the world will be peaceful and happy. 'I highly recommend it. This is the intention of the ancient saint. The Han and the Xiongnu are brothers, so those who are separated from their brothers are often in the Xiongnu. , Tell the officials clearly that they will keep their promises and be faithful to Shan Yu. The messenger said that Shan Yu has made great achievements in conquering the country, and he is very hard at war. One each ④, more than one ⑤, one gold ornament belt, one gold embroidery ⑥, ten pieces of embroidery, thirty pieces of brocade, forty pieces each of red silk and green silk silk, 7, so that those who are interested in the high official's wishes and pay homage should order their shoulders. "I left Shanyu."

After a while, Maodun died, and Zijizhuli was named Laoshang Shanyu.

①The first six years: that is, the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty (174 BC). ②Zhu: Punishment. ③General: to lead. ④ Clothes: Clothes worn by the emperor. Embroidered robe (jiā, Jia) Qiyi: embroidered silk fabric is used as the upper part of the garment, and woven silk is used as the inner jacket.

Embroidered jacket: a long jacket made of embroidered silk. Brocade robe: a robe made of colorful silk fabrics. ⑤Biyu: A gold comb-like hair accessory. ⑥Xuxuan: or "Xibi", gold clothes belt hook. ⑦Chiji (tí, cry): red thick and smooth silk fabric. Green silk: green silk fabric.

At the beginning of the establishment of the Chan Yu in Jizhou, Emperor Xiaowen sent the female princess of the clan back to the Chan Yu family, and made the eunuch of the Yan people Zhongxing named Princess Fu①. He said he didn't want to do it, but the Han forced him to do it. He said: "I must do it, and I am a Han patient." When Zhongxing said it, he surrendered to Chan Yu, who was very close to him.

In the early days, the good Xiongnu men made silk cloth for food. Zhongxing said: "The Xiongnu people cannot be regarded as one of the Han commanderies. However, the strong ones have different food and clothing and have nothing to look up to the Han. Now Shanyu If the Han things are transformed into ordinary things, but there are only two of them, then the Xiongnu will return to the Han. Go away, to show that it is not as beautiful as the cheese." So he preached to Shanyu and made notes on the left and right, so as to teach the people and animals.

The Han Dynasty left a chan in a book with an inch-size seal, and the words said: "The emperor wishes to ask the Xiongnu whether the great chan is fine." This is what the relics and words said. Zhongxing said that the Shanyu had left a Han Dynasty book with a two-inch ruler and a seal, and the seals were all large and long. He said proudly, "The Xiongnu Great Shanyu, who is the birth month of the heaven and the earth, respectfully asks the Han Emperor if he is okay." So the words of the relics are the same. .

①Fu: Assist, teach. Good: I like it. ③When: Quite. ④Hakama: Tong "pants". We: Broken. ⑤湩(dòng, freeze): milk. Cheese: milk product. ⑥Sparse Notes: Record things in separate items. ⑦ Seal: Seal. Seal: Seal mud.

The Han envoy may have said: "The Huns are vulgar and despise their elders." Zhongxing said that the poor Han envoy said ①: "As for those who are Han customs and garrison and join the army, ② how can their old relatives not be warm and fat?" The Han envoy said: "Of course." Zhongxing said: "The Huns are mainly engaged in war, and their old and weak people cannot fight, so those who are strong and healthy with fat food can serve as guards." , so the father and son can protect each other for a long time, why do they say that the Xiongnu underestimates the old? "The Han envoy said: "The Xiongnu father and son are lying in the same roof. When the father dies, his wife will take his stepmother; when the brother dies, he will take his wife without a crown. The decoration of the belt is the etiquette of the palace⑤. "Zhongxing said: "The custom of the Xiongnu is that people eat the meat of animals, drink their juices, and wear their skins⑥; animals eat grass and drink water, so they can be moved at any time. People are happy and have nothing to do, and their restraints are light and easy. The government of a country is as simple as one body. If a father, son, brother dies, his wife will be taken away, so the Xiongnu will be in chaos, but they will establish a clan. Although China today does not take the wives of their fathers and brothers, they will kill each other as their relatives become more distant, and they will even change their surnames. This is all followed by the lack of etiquette and justice, and the resentment between superiors and subordinates (11), and the extremes of the family (12). ), the vitality will yield (13). People who work hard to cultivate mulberry trees for food and clothing, and build cities to prepare themselves, so their people will not practice military exploits if they are anxious, and they will stop working in the earthen house (14). , There are not many words (16), and the chatter is taken (17). How can the crown be solid (18)? "

From then on, when the Han envoys wanted to debate, Zhongxing often said: " The Han envoy did not say much, but the Xiongnu silk rice tillers sent by the Han Dynasty (19) were ordered to be measured (20). They must be good and beautiful. Why should they say that they were good enough (21)? , bitter and evil (22), then who is Hou Qiu (23), riding on the horse and trampling the crops (24) "Teach Shan Yu the advantages and disadvantages day and night (25).

①Poor: Questioning. ② And: you, you. Fa: set off. ③Take off: give up. Warmth: refers to warm clothes. Fatty: fatty meat delicacies. This generally refers to good food. 赍: gift. garrison: people who go out and guard. ④ Qionglu: the yurt of the northern nomads. ⑤Queting: This refers to the imperial court. ⑥Clothes: to wear. ⑦Caste: race. Clan: Clan heir. ⑧Details: Pass "pretend". Take: Same as "marry". ⑨Yi surname: change of dynasty. ⑩杝：Tong "disadvantages". (11) Shangxia: refers to the king and his subjects. (12) Room: refers to the construction of a palace. Ji: extreme, unscrupulous. (13) Vigor: Vitality. Qu: exhausted. (14) Stop: Tong "tired". (15) Earth-house people: People who live in earth-and-stone houses. This refers to the Han people. (16) Gu: Tong "gu" and. (17) Chatter: good at talking and talking endlessly. Zhanzhan (zhān, Zhan): means "呫(tiè, post) 呫", whispering in a low voice. (18) Gu: Qi, could it be? According to Pei Xuehai's "Collection of Virtual Characters in Ancient Books": "Gu You Qi also. The characters may also be Gu." Dang: appropriate. (19) Tiler: wine yeast. (20) Medium quantity: The quantity is sufficient. (21) Give: supply. Preparation: complete. (22) Bitterness: coarse. (23) Hou: Wait. Who: Same as "cooked". (24) And: you, you. (25) Advantages and disadvantages: refers to the favorable timing and location for attack. In the eleventh year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (169 BC) and the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (166 BC), the Huns indeed launched an attack on the Han Dynasty.

In the fourteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Han Dynasty①, the Xiongnu Chanyu rode with 140,000 people toward Xiang and Xiaoguan. They killed Weian, the captain of the northern region, and captured a lot of people's and livestock products, so they arrived at Pengyang. Send the strange soldiers to burn and return to the central palace ②, and wait to ride to Yongganquan ③. So Emperor Wen appointed Lieutenant Zhou She and Lang Zhongling Zhang Wu as generals, sent out thousands of chariots and 100,000 horsemen, and the army commander set aside to prepare for the Hu invaders. Then he appointed Changhou Luqing as the general of Shangjun, Ninghou Wei Jun as the northern general, Longluhou Zhouzao as the Longxi general, Dongyanghou Zhang Xiangru as the general, and Chenghou Dong Chi as the former general. They sent their chariots and cavalry to attack the Hu. The Chanyu stayed in the fortress for more than a month and then left. The Han Dynasty drove out of the fortress and returned immediately. No one could be killed. The Xiongnu were getting more and more arrogant, and when they entered the borders, they killed a lot of people and livestock, especially in Yunzhong and Liaodong, reaching more than 10,000 people in Daijun. When the Han Dynasty was in trouble, they sent envoys to leave the Xiongnu letters.

The chanyu also sent people to the household to express gratitude, talk about the wedding, and arrange marriage arrangements.

In the second year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign⑥, the envoy left a letter to the Xiongnu saying: "The emperor wishes to ask the Xiongnu whether Da Shan is well. The envoy is living in Diaoqu Nan, and the doctor Han Liao has left me two horses. To, respectfully accept. The first emperor's system ⑦: To the north of the Great Wall, the country that leads the bow is ordered to be a chanyu; within the Great Wall, I also control the rooms with crowns and belts, so that all the people can farm, weave, shoot, hunt, clothe and feed, and the father and son are not separated, and the ministers and masters are in peace. There is no violence at all 8. Now I hear that the evil people are greedy for the benefits of their advancement 9, and they have broken the agreement 10, forgetting the fate of the people, and leaving the joy of the two masters, but the matter has been done before. After getting married, the two masters happily said that they would rest their troops and raise their horses, and they would be happy in the world. (11) "I highly appreciate it. The saints are getting better day by day, so that the old can rest and the young can grow up." We will protect the leader for the rest of his life (12). I and the Shanyu will follow this path, obey the heavens and care for the people (13), and pass on from generation to generation, and the charity will be endless (14). The Han and the Xiongnu neighboring countries will be in trouble. The enemy (15), the Xiongnu is in the north, it is cold, and the murderous intention has descended early (16), so the officials have left the Shan with gold, silk, and catkins for a long time (17) Today, I am in Da'an, and the people are in great joy. I am with the Shan. As for my parents, I remember my past affairs, and my misfortunes (18) are not enough to leave my brother's joy. I heard that the sky is not overturned (19), and the earth is not biased. The detailed reason (20) is that we all walk on the great road and fall into evil for a long time (21), so that the people of the two countries are like one family. Like (23), we must avoid dangers (24) for the sake of safety. Therefore, there are more people coming (25). It is the way of heaven. I will release the escaped people, Shan Yu, Zhang Ni and others. The ancient emperors made clear promises and never broke their promises. Shanyu left a note (26), and the world was in peace. After the marriage, the Han Dynasty did not follow him (27). "

①Emperor Xiaowen 10th. Four years: 166 BC. ②Assault Team: Commando. Huizhong Palace: the name of the palace, located in the northwest of Long County, Shaanxi Province. ③Waiting Cavalry: The Huns’ reconnaissance cavalry. Yongganquan: Ganquan Palace in Yongzhou, located in the northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province. ④Army: garrisoned army. ⑤ Entering the border every year: Invading the border of the Han Dynasty every year. ⑥The second year of Houyuan: the second year of Houyuan (162 BC). ⑦The first emperor: refers to Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty. System: regulations, system. ⑧Rebellion: violence and rebellion. ⑨渫: dirty. Greed: Greed. ⑩ times: pass "back". (11) Ran: Looks stable. Renew: start again. (12) Leader: This refers to life. Tiannian: natural life span. (13) Sympathy for the people: appease the people. (14) Shi: Continuation. (15) Enemies of neighboring countries: neighboring countries with comparable power. (16) Murderous aura: cold weather. (17) 秫 (shú, cooked): sticky sorghum. Tuo: Same as "he". (18) Thin things are small: small things. story. (19) Covered: covering one side. Quite, biased. (20) Donate: Abandon. (21) Figure: Consideration. (22) Yuanyuan: Still "偁偁", kind and cute. (23) Wandering: insects crawling. This refers to reptiles. Beak (huì, will) breath: A bird breathes through its mouth. This refers to birds. (24) Pi: Tong "avoid". Danger: Danger. (25) Comers: refers to people who come to submit. (26) Leave a note: pay attention. (27) The Han Dynasty did not make mistakes first: The Han Dynasty did not make mistakes first.