What are the names of ancient cars? What is the name of the wheel? What are the terms related to cars in ancient times?

What are the names of ancient cars? What is the name of the wheel? What are the terms related to cars in ancient times?

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What are the names of ancient cars in China?

As a part of a carriage, ancient cars were called "Yu". The railings and wooden boards standing on the left and right sides of Yu are called Yu, and the driving part of the car mainly includes wheels and axles. At the center of the wheel is a log with a hole, called a hub, which is used to pass through the shaft. The frame of the wheel is called the rim [w m 4 ng net]. Connecting the rim and the hub are spokes. A wheel has more or less spokes, usually 30. Lao Tzu said, "30 spokes, * * * a hub". The spokes around are concentrated on the hub, which is called convergence. The axle is a cross beam, and both ends carry the car and wheels. Both ends of the shaft are exposed outside the hub, and the end of the shaft is covered with a bronze or iron shaft head, which is called "WYEI". There is a hole on the axle head to accept "control" to prevent the wheel from falling off. The jurisdiction is generally made of bronze or iron, flat and rectangular, about three or four inches long, commonly known as pins. The axle is across the platform. The fixing method is to install two pieces of wood at the bottom of the platform and tie the axle to it with a rope. It looks like a crawling rabbit, so it is called a lying rabbit. Also called FuFuFu.

The structure and composition of the vehicle include not only the parts related to the carrying and running parts mentioned above, but also the driving parts. The components of the driving part are mainly shaft and yoke. An iron shaft, also known as a boat, is a straight wood or a slightly bent wooden stick. The rear end of the shaft is connected with the axle, and the front end is tied with a curved crossbar, which is called yoke, also called balance or cross. The shaft passes through a device called. The name of the car is Yi [Yuè]. Yokes should be put around the necks of cows and horses. In addition, there is a kind of "reed", which is a kind of wood that prevents the wheels from turning. When driving, the wood must be removed before the car can turn. So starting is also called starting. In the future, "hair" will be used to refer to the beginning of things. There can be a cover on ancient vehicles, supported by a wooden stick, which looks like a big umbrella. The cover is special for cars, and the floor mat can be laid in the middle. The car mat is called yin, and later it also refers to the general mat. It is said that in ancient times, there were often curtains around women's cars. Later, the car cover was cancelled and a gyro (similar to the modern hood) was added to the curtain, which was called curtain, also called door curtain [xi m: n]. In addition, ancient chariots and horses often had many decorative accessories, such as bells mounted on the weight and yoke, which were called "weights". In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the top car had to be loaded with eight weights, so it was nice to walk. Many parts of ancient cars were beautifully made, such as some copper rims, and even inlaid with gold and silver wires into exquisite patterns, which were extremely gorgeous.

References:

Gb.cri/3601/2005/0518/[email protected]

Who invented the ancient wheel?

The origin of the wheel

Ancient wheel

Usually the wheel is regarded as the oldest and most important invention of mankind, so that we often compare it with the use of fire. In fact, the history of human taming fire is more than 6.5438+0.5 million years, and it is only 6,000 years since wheels were used.

The birthplace of the wheel

It is impossible for human beings to own wheeled vehicles before they master sharp and solid tools. It is difficult to process wood into a proper cylinder with stone tools, let alone a spoke wheel. So the appearance of the wheel can only be after the bronze age.

Robert Lurvy, a famous American anthropologist, once asserted that all people who use unicycles learn from Babylon directly or indirectly. American Indians know that tugboats, spinning wheels and hoop rolling are used to roll logs, but they have never thought about the significance of driving on wheels.

Lu Wei's view on the origin of the wheel is also the view of most archaeologists. But new archaeological discoveries often subvert old theories. The rut under the stone tomb in Flintbeck, Germany, was left between 4800 and 4700 BC. The car-shaped tank discovered in Bronocice, Poland, was located before 4725 BC, but the seven carbon-14 dating of this stratum tends to the conclusion of 46 BC10-4440 BC. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in the Near East was discovered by American archaeologist Bardia at the site of uruk in Syria. A model with wheels and a "truck" mural were unearthed there. These things were left by our ancestors 6400-6500 years ago.

Therefore, wheeled vehicles are likely to appear in Europe, then spread to the Near East, or be re-invented by orientals.

From pottery to wheels

Let's put aside the debate of archaeologists for a moment and see what they all know:

The predecessor of the wheel is the wheel for making pottery. The ancients can use it to make pottery in batches [0 1 making pottery on the pottery wheel], which is the earliest handicraft and container of mankind. The simplest pottery wheel only needs a pair of disc-shaped wheels, and a shaft is installed between the discs, and the shaft is upright; The Potter turns the lower wheel with his feet, puts the soft mud into the upper wheel by hand, and kneads it with plastic.

The earliest wheel in Mesopotamia was just a round plate, firmly nailed to the shaft. By 3000 BC, the axle had been mounted on the trolley, and the wheels were not directly connected with the car body. Soon after, the wheel with spokes appeared again. Although this primitive handcart is clumsy, it is much better than the shoulder-carrying animals (usually donkeys) that have been used all the time.

Wheels have long been used to make chariots. This kind of chariot was first used to rush into enemy lines and force the enemy to break up; It was later used as a combat platform. Chariot soldiers can stand on the chariot and throw javelins at the enemy to kill him.

Influence of wheels

Perhaps the biggest function of the wheel is to enable people to move objects that greatly exceed their own weight.

The most common use of making pottery wheels on pottery wheels is transportation. Before the invention of the wheel, the ancients had to carry heavy objects with the help of skids. The simplest sledge is an inclined plane, and the more complicated one will put some rolling pins under the heavy objects-this is how the ancient Egyptians piled the huge stones into pyramids. Although the ancient Egyptians should have been inspired by the scroll bar to invent the wheel, it was not the ancient Egyptians who first used the wheel.

The technical progress promoted by the use of wheels goes hand in hand with the corresponding far-reaching institutional changes. The population growth made some villages develop into cities ruled by new religious leaders and later military and administrative leaders. Due to the growth of agricultural productivity, the emergence of cities has become possible. The growth of agricultural productivity makes food surplus, which can feed new priests, soldiers and officials. This development process is neither sudden nor unilateral. Recently, many people have argued: Is it technological change that determines institutional change or institutional change that determines technological change? This reminds people of an early stage of human evolution: whether we have a human brain before creating human culture, including language and tool manufacturing. Now everyone agrees that the former interacts with the latter, and language and tool making are the cause and effect of brain development. The same seems to be true of technological change and social change. They first interact with each other and finally promote the arrival of urban revolution and civilization. The Neolithic cultivators provided surplus items to the dominant dignitaries, making them change from tribal members to farmers, not because they agreed or were forced to do so at a certain time; On the contrary, it is a gradual development process, in which ......

What is the wheelbase of ancient wheels in China?

China's ancient carriages were used for fighting. Generally, it is a single chariot (axle), two wheels, square cart (carriage), driving four horses or two horses. There are three soldiers in the car, the middle one is the driver, and the left and right are responsible for fighting. There are many kinds of cars, light cars, dull cars and electric cars. Chariots were first used in the Battle of Gan commanded by Wang. Since then, the scale of the war has become larger and larger, and the chariot has become the main force of the war and the standard to measure the strength of a country. In the Spring and Autumn Period, "the country of a thousand riders" and "the country of a thousand riders" appeared. In the Han dynasty, with the rise of cavalry, chariots gradually withdrew from the war stage. 1980, two large painted bronze carts were unearthed on the west side of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lintong, Shaanxi. The first car in front is a two-wheeled single-axle structure, and four horses are driven in front. The rail is a transverse rectangle with a width of 126 cm and a depth of 70 cm. There are fences on the front and sides, and there are doors for getting on and off at the back. A shield is placed on the right side of the vehicle, and a copper crossbow and arrow are hung in front of the vehicle. There is a round umbrella on the bus, and a bronze official statue with a height of 9 1 cm stands under the umbrella. Its name is Li Che, also called Rong Che and Gao Che. When riding, it stands on the car.

Light vehicle, also known as light vehicle. In the fourth year of Emperor Taizong's Tianshun (1460), he built a ware gun and put it in the car. It has two poles, 9.2 feet long, 0.25 feet wide and 0.22 feet thick. A head of the front spoon is 3.3 feet long, 0. 16 feet wide and 0. 13 feet thick; A front cover, 4.6 feet high, 4.6 feet wide and 0.06 feet thick; The height of the two columns is 5.2 feet, and the square ear is 0. 18 feet; Two car banners are 2.6 feet long and 0.0.6 feet thick; Two car ears, 2.4 feet long, 0.4 feet wide and 0. 15 feet thick; On both sides of the wheel, the diameter exceeds 3.8 feet; 14 car net, with a thickness of 0. 18 feet and a width of 0.4 feet; 28 spokes, 1.9 feet long and 0. 1.3 feet thick; 2 front cars, with a diameter of 0.8 feet and a length of 0.8 feet; A rocket box, 4.5 feet long, 0.25 feet wide and 0. 15 feet thick; Two rungs, 4.4 feet long; 3 guns, 3.7 feet long; A horse-refusing rail, 5.2 feet long; These four poles are three feet long.

The speed of the carriage depends on the speed of the horse. The better the horse, the faster the speed, generally nearly 20 kilometers an hour. Ordinary carriages are more than 200 kilometers a day. However, in case of emergency, if you change horses at the station and drive around the clock, you can run more than 1000 km in the fastest day. The running speed of a horse is about 20 kilometers per hour, and the top speed is 60 kilometers per hour. It can run continuously 100 kilometers, which is a veritable "horsepower".

Chariots were first used in the Battle of Gan commanded by Wang. Since then, the scale of the war has become larger and larger, and the chariot has become the main force of the war and the standard to measure the strength of a country. In the Spring and Autumn Period, "the country of a thousand riders" and "the country of a thousand riders" appeared. In the Han dynasty, with the rise of cavalry, chariots gradually withdrew from the war stage.

1980, two large painted bronze carts were unearthed on the west side of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lintong, Shaanxi. The first car in front is a two-wheeled single-axle structure, and four horses are driven in front. The rail is a transverse rectangle with a width of 126 cm and a depth of 70 cm. There are fences on the front and sides, and there are doors for getting on and off at the back. A shield is placed on the right side of the vehicle, and a copper crossbow and arrow are hung in front of the vehicle. There is a round umbrella on the bus, and a bronze official statue with a height of 9 1 cm stands under the umbrella. Its name is Li Che, also called Rong Che and Gao Che. When riding, it stands on the car.

What is the earliest wheel in China?

Xizhong, Dongyi, the originator of making cars.

According to the Records of tengxian, "When he was in office, Xue was named Doctor Yu. Xi Zhongsheng, Ji Guang and Ji Guang started from wood. " Using wood to make car covers is still an old job, so later generations are also called Xizhong to make cars. Xizhong was named "Doctor of Car Service" by Wang for his meritorious service in building cars.

Xi Zhong invented the automobile, which contributed as much as the "four great inventions". Xi Zhong was the earliest and greatest inventor and politician of ancient Xue State. After his death, he was honored as the god of cars. Later generations built Xigong Temple in Qianshan, Xuecheng District to worship all the year round, in order to travel safely. The folk proverb "Learn from others and walk in peace" has been passed down to this day.

Basic information

Who first made the wheel in ancient times?

According to the research conclusion of Needham, a British historian of science, about 4500 to 3500 years ago, the first car, the West Baryon, appeared in China. Zuo Zhuan mentioned that the car was invented by Xi Zhong in early summer. If the record is true, it was four thousand years ago. Archaeologists also found human sacrifice vehicles in the cultural relics of the Yin Dynasty (more than 3,000 years ago). At that time, the vehicle was composed of carriage, axle and two wheels, and it was already a relatively mature vehicle. There is a legend in ancient China that the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan inserted wood in the center of a round wheel to make it run, thus causing vehicles. But in view of so many inventions attributed to the Yellow Emperor, we can't take this statement seriously easily. One day, a strong wind blew, and people found that smooth stones or logs rolled faster than other things under the action of the wind. This natural phenomenon gives people great enlightenment. People cut logs with stone axes, cut a round hole in the middle of logs at both ends, and then insert a thin stick in the hole to connect them. In this way, a roller sled was successfully made, and it was much lighter than the light sled in the past. This kind of roller appeared around 2000 BC. This kind of roller will break when it is used to transport too heavy items, so people later thought of putting copper hoop or iron hoop on this kind of wheel. According to legend, wheeled vehicles began to be used in Central Asia around 3000 BC, but developed Egypt at that time did not know that it was still using drums to transport goods. In BC 1600, Hyksos in the north attacked Egypt with a horse-drawn chariot, which surprised the Egyptians. Since then, Egyptians have also started to use wheeled cars. First, spokes and rims are used to strengthen the wheels. However, it was all made of wood at that time. Later, with the appearance of steel, wooden wheels developed into steel wheels, rubber tires were filled with air, and wheels became more and more perfect.

Who invented the wheel in ancient times …

The origin of the wheel The ancient wheel is usually regarded as the oldest and most important invention of mankind, so that we often compare it with the use of fire. In fact, the history of human taming fire is more than 6.5438+0.5 million years, and it is only 6,000 years since wheels were used. The birthplace of the wheel, it is impossible for human beings to have wheeled vehicles before they master sharp and solid tools. It is difficult to process wood into a proper cylinder with stone tools, let alone a spoke wheel. So the appearance of the wheel can only be after the bronze age. Robert Lurvy, a famous American anthropologist, once asserted that all people who use unicycles learn from Babylon directly or indirectly. American Indians know that tugboats, spinning wheels and hoop rolling are used to roll logs, but they have never thought about the significance of driving on wheels. Lu Wei's view on the origin of the wheel is also the view of most archaeologists. But new archaeological discoveries often subvert old theories. The rut under the stone tomb in Flintbeck, Germany, was left between 4800 and 4700 BC. The car-shaped tank discovered in Bronocice, Poland, was located before 4725 BC, but the seven carbon-14 dating of this stratum tends to the conclusion of 46 BC10-4440 BC. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in the Near East was discovered by American archaeologist Bardia at the site of uruk in Syria. A model with wheels and a "truck" mural were unearthed there. These things were left by our ancestors 6400-6500 years ago. Therefore, wheeled vehicles are likely to appear in Europe, then spread to the Near East, or be re-invented by orientals. This is the transition from pottery to wheels. Let's ignore the archaeologist's argument for the time being. Let's see what they all know: the wheel used to be the wheel for making pottery, and the ancients could use it to make pottery in batches [0 1 making pottery on a pottery wheel], which is the earliest handicraft and container of mankind. The simplest pottery wheel only needs a pair of disc-shaped wheels, and a shaft is installed between the discs, and the shaft is upright; The Potter turns the lower wheel with his feet, puts the soft mud into the upper wheel by hand, and kneads it with plastic. The earliest wheel in Mesopotamia was just a round plate, firmly nailed to the shaft. By 3000 BC, the axle had been mounted on the trolley, and the wheels were not directly connected with the car body. Soon after, the wheel with spokes appeared again. Although this primitive handcart is clumsy, it is much better than the shoulder-carrying animals (usually donkeys) that have been used all the time. Wheels have long been used to make chariots. This kind of chariot was first used to rush into enemy lines and force the enemy to break up; It was later used as a combat platform. Chariot soldiers can stand on the chariot and throw javelins at the enemy to kill him. The influence of the wheel Perhaps the biggest function of the wheel is to enable people to move objects that greatly exceed their own weight. The most common use of making pottery wheels on pottery wheels is transportation. Before the invention of the wheel, the ancients had to carry heavy objects with the help of skids. The simplest sledge is an inclined plane, and the more complicated one will put some rolling pins under the heavy objects-this is how the ancient Egyptians piled the huge stones into pyramids. Although the ancient Egyptians should have been inspired by the scroll bar to invent the wheel, it was not the ancient Egyptians who first used the wheel. The technical progress promoted by the use of wheels goes hand in hand with the corresponding far-reaching institutional changes. The population growth made some villages develop into cities ruled by new religious leaders and later military and administrative leaders. Due to the growth of agricultural productivity, the emergence of cities has become possible. The growth of agricultural productivity makes food surplus, which can feed new priests, soldiers and officials. This development process is neither sudden nor unilateral. Recently, many people have argued: Is it technological change that determines institutional change or institutional change that determines technological change? This can't help but remind people of a debate in the early stage of human evolution: did you have a human brain before creating human culture, including language and tool making? Now everyone agrees that the former interacts with the latter, and language and tool making are the cause and effect of brain development. The same seems to be true of technological change and social change. They first interact with each other and finally promote the arrival of urban revolution and civilization. The Neolithic cultivators provided the surplus items to the dominant dignitaries, making them change from tribal members to farmers, not because they agreed or were forced to do so at a certain time; On the contrary, it is a gradual development process, in which cause and effect interact and are closely related. Wheel profile ......

What shape were the wheels in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

The ancient tombs in the early Warring States period surprised the ancient city of Shouxian. A few days ago, I put on a raincoat for the ancient tomb to prepare for the winter.

In September, 2009, an ancient tomb was found near Xiquan Ancient Tombs, a county-level cultural relics protection unit in Shouxian, during the widening construction of Mingzhu Avenue in Xincheng. According to Director Feng Xin Li of Shouxian Cultural Relics Bureau, after the tomb was discovered, the Provincial Institute of Archaeology excavated it.

At the beginning of the excavation, according to the excavated ash soil, archaeologists initially judged that the excavation site was a tomb. After further excavation, archaeologists discovered the ancient wheel and learned that the excavation site was Chemakeng.

The huge ancient wheel unearthed aroused the interest of archaeologists. After measuring the distance between the two wheels of a complete carriage, archaeologists found that the width of the carriage was 2.3 meters, the diameter of the wheel was 1.26 meters, the diameter of a single front wheel was 1.4 meters, and there were more than 30 spokes.

Therefore, archaeologists initially judged that the chariots and horses were from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. It is reported that the discovery of the chariot pit belongs to the first case in our province. Feng Xin Li also said that according to the burial system of the Zhou Dynasty, the owners of ancient tombs were at least above the literati.

After the excavation of Chemakeng, it attracted the attention of relevant departments in Shouxian County. Next week, relevant experts will rush to Shouxian to hold a demonstration meeting to give opinions on the protection of ancient tombs.

Yesterday, the reporter found that the top of the chariot pit was covered with thick ponchos. The staff guarding the chariot pit told the reporter that the poncho was covered to prevent the bad weather in winter from damaging the ancient tomb. (Jianghuai Morning News-Lu Wantan Lusheng Wang Yongquan) (Source: Zhongan Online)

How were ancient wheels made?

You need wood with certain toughness (this is the key point), then heat it, gradually soften it, adjust it to the required radian, and it will be OK after cooling.