A picture tells you why Xu Xiake is a rare explorer in the world.

Xu Xiake, a "donkey friend" in Ming Dynasty, traveled alone all his life.

Write travel notes, make strategies, and enjoy yourself.

For ordinary people, it belongs to doing nothing.

Scholars claim that

"cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world"

Taking the exam as an official is the right way

A maverick like Xu Xiake

Known as "the miracle of the times"

Xu xiake

Xu xiake

1587 65438+1October 5-16465438+March 8, a geographer, traveler and writer in Ming dynasty.

Image from China Heritage, August 20 13.

Xu Xiake's real name is Xu Hongzu.

Jiangyin County (now Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province) is a native of Nanzhili.

His father despises the hypocrisy of officialdom.

Have a soft spot for sightseeing.

Xu was deeply influenced by his father.

Although I love reading and never forget anything, I regard the imperial examination as a cloud.

Indulge in the library built by ancestors every day.

I especially like reading books such as geography, history and travel notes.

Since I was 22 years old, I have been on the road and traveled for more than 30 years.

His friends nicknamed him "Chivalrous Man"

He said he was always moving, just like the clouds in the sky.

Jiangsu Jiangyin Xuxiake Former Residence Yang Sheng Garden

(Image from the Museum, 20 13, 12)

0 1 all-round travel master

After leaving for a long time, Xu Xiake has developed a skill.

When he went to Huangshan Mountain, he was caught in heavy snow and the steep cliff was frozen.

He dug a hole in the ice with an iron bar for climbing.

When going to Wang Feng in Wuyishan, there is no road under the steep cliff.

He grabbed the hanging thorn with his hand and "fell"

In Songshan, Zhongyue

He also hung down the canyon from the top of the imperial room.

When robbers robbed in Lu Yu and Xiangjiang River,

Xu Xiake flew into the river and swam against the current.

When exploring the cave of Zhenxianyan in Guangxi

Xu Xiake also crossed from the python.

……

Cliffs, rapids, robbers, wild animals

Can't stop him from moving forward.

Can be described as an all-round travel expert.

/kloc-there is no weather forecast in the 0/7th century.

According to his own experience, Xu Xiake "knows the sky from the clouds".

At the same time, collect meteorological and phenological data from all over the country.

The snow line he recorded in Cangshan, Yunnan

It has become an important basis for studying climate change in Yunnan-Guizhou region.

Of course, there was no navigation system at that time.

Xu Xiake likes to record by himself.

Landmark, orientation, mileage, terrain and other information.

Then draw a detailed map.

What is rare is that his "hand-made" map is quite accurate.

Especially the records of Qixingyan and Nujiang in Guilin.

Similar to the surveying and mapping achievements of the 20th century.

Engraving printing of Xu Xiake's travels

Most of Xu Xiake's travel notes before his death were essays, such as Diary of a Visit to Huangshan Mountain, Diary of a Visit to Wuyishan Mountain, Diary of a Visit to Fujian and Diary of a Visit to Yunnan. After finishing by his descendants and folk book collectors, it was compiled into more than 600,000 words of Xu Xiake's Travels. This book aroused the extensive interest of scholars in the late Ming Dynasty, because there were many versions handed down by different collectors. It was not until the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty that this book was first published and "put on the market" was very popular. For geographers, Xu Xiake's Travels has precious academic value, and modern researchers can still draw maps and even establish geographical models with his records. (Image from the Museum, 20 13, 12)

Wan Li walks alone, starting with a single step.

Xu Xiake's life is inseparable from his travel inspection.

His investigation can be divided into two stages:

One is 22 to 50 years old.

2. 5 1 to 55 years old.

His travel before 5 1 year old

Concentrated in the east of China.

Give priority to with "sightseeing", and geographical investigation.

The last four years of travel were concentrated in the southwest.

Mainly based on investigation.

First stage

Where did Xu Xiake go?

Most of them are famous mountains, holy places and scenic spots where Buddhism or Taoism are located.

Although he went abroad many times, most of them returned to China for a short time.

The old mother is in the hall and the child is young.

"Parents don't travel far"

It plays a leading role in Xu Xiake's thought.

Xu Xiake's Journey to the East

It started with a visit to Wuxi and Taihu Lake.

He traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers in eastern China.

take for example

Yandangshan

Xu Xiake is not like other literati.

Just stop at "Yandang"

-Lingfeng, Lingyan and Dalong Waterfall

But in the spirit of "up, he looks for green void, down, yellow spring"

Three into the wild goose swing, over the mountains and mountains.

First of all, Deng Bogang pointed to Bian Feng.

Followed by Deng Yan Lake Tip and Baigang Tip.

As far as I can see.

It is concluded that the water in Dalong Waterfall is not from Dayan Lake.

Yandang Mountain, Photography/Wang Xintian

Image from chinese national geography 20 16 10.

Mount Huangshan

In 16 16 and 16 18, Xu Xiake visited Huangshan twice.

This backpacker who takes traveling all over the famous mountains and rivers as his duty.

Finally found a spiritual home here.

He decided to spend his old age here.

Unfortunately, it didn't come true due to illness.

"Wuyue returns without looking at the mountains, and Huangshan returns without looking at the mountains."

These two words of Xu Xiake have doubled the value of Huangshan Mountain.

After Ming and Qing dynasties

More and more tourists are rushing to pursue this new star in the mountain world.

Charming photography in winter in Huangshan/China

Image from chinese national geography 20 12 12.

03 southwest! Southwest!

Nine years of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1636)

It is the turning point of Xu Xiake's trip abroad.

Xu's mother has passed away, and Xu Xiake himself is fifty years old.

He said that "the old disease is coming", and his ambition to travel to the west can't be delayed any longer.

So he resolutely started the "Wan Li Expedition" in the southwest.

He set out from Jiangyin, Jiangsu on September 19.

It passes through Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi and Guizhou.

Finally arrived in Yunnan.

Xu Xiake's Travel in Recent Four Years

It has a very strong color of geographical investigation.

He always concentrates on the investigation of geographical phenomena.

Then explore its internal law.

He has a strict scientific attitude.

Explore the twists and turns of the river system

Distribution and geomorphological characteristics of mountain ranges

Location, structure and rock morphology of caves

Plants, animals, rocks,

Climate, minerals, hydrology and other fields

Memorizing words accounts for 80% of all travel notes.

It is the essence of travel notes.

Guangxi

During the four years of "Wan Li Expedition" in Southwest China

Xu Xiake is in Guangxi, where karst landforms are the most abundant.

For nearly 1 year.

Between Guilin's mountains and rivers

He visited for nearly a month and a half.

Travel around Guilin with scenic spots.

Such as Yushan, Diecai Mountain, Fu Bo, Qixingyan,

Hidden mountain, pheasant, Nanxi mountain, Yatou mountain, Yehe mountain,

Liu Yanshan, Elephant Trunk Mountain, Chuanshan, Longyin Rock, Feng Ping Rock,

Yin Zhong, Houshan, Niujiaoyan and Lion Mountain.

Qixingyan and Luoshan have been there twice and three times respectively.

Not only that; no

He also climbed Yaoshan, the highest peak in Guilin.

Tour the southeast of Lijiang River.

Investigate the area near Yangshuo.

Longdong, Laixian Cave, Dushu Weir and Baihe Mountain.

Dengfujiaoshan

Xu Xiake stayed in Lisan, Guangxi for 50 days.

Keywords tourism weiguiyan, Dushan, Xiaodushan, Qingshiyan,

White Cave, Qinshui Rock, Foziling and other places of interest.

He stayed in Qingyuan, Guangxi for another 23 days.

Visit Huixian Mountain Cave, Longyin Rock, Jiulong Cave,

Sanmenshi, Yan Guan and Dengduoling Mountain.

"The First Bay of Lijiang River" in Yangshuo, Guilin, Photography/Xiang Li

Yunnan Province

Yunnan is the haunt of Xu Xiake.

It is also the province that has lived outside his hometown for the longest time in his life.

In the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), he entered Yunnan in May.

In the thirteenth year of Chongzhen (1640), he returned to the east in the first month.

He traveled in Yunnan for 1 year and 9 months.

The journey is more than 3,000 kilometers.

Where is Yunnan written in Xu Xiake's travel notes?

Occupy13 of the space.

Here he is poor in Heyuan, observing the landform.

Found in volcanoes, geothermal, plants, mountains and rivers, etc.

Jechoksan

It is the place where Xu Xiake's travel and investigation career ended.

Xu Xiake visited Jizu Mountain twice.

The first time was in the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638).

1arrived at Jizu Mountain for the first time on February 22nd.

Leave here for Lijiang on the 22nd day of the first month of the following year.

The second time was August 22nd, the twelfth year of Chongzhen.

Go back to Jizushan to record.

Go back to Jizushan this time.

The diseases caused by his long-term field work began to attack.

Xu Xiake has swollen feet and difficulty walking.

Mufu Muzeng in Lijiang, Yunnan

Send someone back to Jiangyin's hometown.

Back home, Xu Xiake lost his feet.

After a year in bed, he died suddenly at the age of 56.

Binchuan Jizu Mountain was called the Buddhist capital of southwest China in ancient times.

Xu Xiake has deep feelings for this mountain.

Photography/Yang Shibin

The picture is from chinese national geography in June 2002.

Xu Xiake is a world-class explorer.

During this time

Not for political, religious, commercial and other utilitarian purposes.

A person who explores and travels only for knowledge.

Except Xu Xiake, the world is unique.

Mr. Zhu Kezhen's comments on Xu Xiake hit home:

Looking back at Xu Xiake's footsteps

Although he has no knowledge of modern geography.

But his comprehensive analysis of what he observed

The thinking mode of linking ancient and modern times

Investigation and study of mountains, water sources, geology and landforms

Far more than his contemporaries.

This life is better than thousands of generations in the world.

In Xu xiake's eyes

The world is so big, the land, sea and mountains are changing endlessly.

The resulting customs are also full of charm.

-you can enjoy it and indulge in it.

The greatest enjoyment of life is this.