Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather inquiry - What success has China achieved in manned space flight? (Be comprehensive) For example: () Who was sailing (what ship) on ().
What success has China achieved in manned space flight? (Be comprehensive) For example: () Who was sailing (what ship) on ().
catalogue
Basic introduction
Space technology artificial earth satellite
carrier rocket
Spacecraft launch site
Space TT&C
manned space flight
Space application satellite remote sensing
satellite communication
Satellite navigation and positioning
space science
brief history
Basic introduction of meaning
Space technology artificial earth satellite
carrier rocket
Spacecraft launch site
Space TT&C
manned space flight
Space application satellite remote sensing
satellite communication
Satellite navigation and positioning
space science
brief history
meaning
Expand the basic introduction of editing this paragraph.
Competent unit: China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Space Launch Company.
China Aerospace Electromechanical Group Co., Ltd. Organizer: Aerospace Information Center Compilation: China IssueNo, China Aerospace Editorial Department. : CN 1 1-3630/V introduces the brilliant achievements of China's space science and technology and the broad prospects of China's space development. Since the establishment of 1956, China's space industry has gone through several important periods, such as hard struggle, supporting development, reform and revitalization, and going abroad, before reaching a considerable scale and level: a complete supporting research, design, production and test system has been formed; A spacecraft launch center capable of launching various satellites and manned spacecraft, as well as a monitoring and control network composed of various domestic ground stations and long-distance tracking and measuring ships, have been established. A variety of satellite application systems have been established, and remarkable social and economic benefits have been achieved; A space science research system with a certain level has been established and many innovative achievements have been made. A team of aerospace science and technology with good quality and high technical level has been trained. China's space industry has developed under the conditions of weak basic industries, relatively backward scientific and technological level, special national conditions and specific historical conditions. China has independently carried out space activities, embarked on a unique development path suited to its national conditions in a relatively short period of time, and achieved a series of important achievements. In many important technical fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-satellite with one arrow, low-temperature fuel rocket technology, bundled rocket technology and geostationary orbit satellite launch, measurement and control, China has become one of the advanced countries in the world. Great achievements have been made in the development and application of remote sensing satellites, communication satellites, manned spacecraft experiments and space microgravity experiments.
Edit this space technology
artificial/man-made earth satellite
1970 On April 24th, China successfully developed and launched the first artificial earth satellite-China Aerospace.
Dongfanghong-1 became the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch artificial earth satellites. By June 5438+00, 2000, China * * * had developed and launched 47 different types of artificial earth satellites, with a success rate of over 90%. At present, China has initially formed four major satellite series-recoverable remote sensing satellite series, "Dongfanghong" communication and broadcasting satellite series, "Fengyun" meteorological satellite series, "practical" scientific exploration and technical test satellite series, and "resources" earth resources satellite series will soon be formed. China is the third country in the world to master satellite recycling technology, and the success rate of satellite recycling has reached the international advanced level; China is the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch a geostationary orbit communication satellite. The main technical indexes of China Meteorological Satellite and Earth Resources Satellite have reached the international level in the early 1990s. In recent years, six communication, earth resources and meteorological satellites developed and launched by China have been put into use, with stable work and good performance, resulting in good social and economic benefits.
carrier rocket
China has independently developed 12 Long March series launch vehicles of different models, which are suitable for launching near-earth orbit, geostationary orbit and sun-synchronous orbit. The maximum carrying capacity of the "Long March" series of launch vehicles in near-earth orbit reaches 9200 kg, and the maximum carrying capacity of geosynchronous transfer orbit reaches 5 100 kg, which can basically meet the needs of different users. Since 1985, the China government officially announced that the Long March series of launch vehicles have entered the international commercial launch market, 27 foreign-made satellites have been successfully launched into space, occupying a place in the international commercial satellite launch service market. So far, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have been launched 63 times; From June 1996 to June 10, 2000, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have been successfully launched for 2 consecutive times.
Spacecraft launch site
China has built three launch sites for spacecraft, Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan, and successfully completed China's space flight.
Flight tests of various launch vehicles and launching missions of various artificial satellites and test spacecraft. China Spacecraft Launch Site can not only complete the domestic launch mission, but also serve the international commercial launch and carry out other international space cooperation.
Space TT&C
China has built a complete TT&C network in space, including TT&C stations on land and TT&C ships at sea, and successfully completed TT&C missions from near-earth orbit satellites to geostationary orbit satellites and from satellites to test spacecraft. China Aerospace TT&C Network has the ability of international networking and sharing TT&C resources, and TT&C technology has reached the advanced level in the world.
manned space flight
From 65438 to 0992, China began to carry out manned spacecraft space engineering, developed manned spacecraft and highly reliable launch vehicles, conducted research on space medicine and space life science engineering, selected reserve astronauts, and developed a number of space remote sensing and space science experimental devices. 1999165438+21year1October 20th, China successfully launched and recovered the first unmanned experimental spacecraft, marking a breakthrough in the basic technology of manned spacecraft and an important step in the field of manned space flight.
Edit this space application
China attaches great importance to the development of various application satellites and satellite application technologies, and conducts space flight in the satellite China.
Significant progress has been made in remote sensing, satellite communication, satellite navigation and positioning. Of the satellites developed and launched by China, remote sensing satellites and communication satellites account for about 7 1%. These satellites are widely used in various fields of economy, science and technology, culture and national defense construction, and have achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. Relevant state departments have also actively used various foreign application satellites to carry out applied technology research, and achieved good application results.
satellite remote sensing
China flies from China.
In the early 1970s, domestic and foreign remote sensing satellites were used to research, develop and popularize satellite remote sensing application technology, which was widely used in meteorology, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, agriculture and forestry, water conservancy, ocean, earthquake and urban construction. At present, the National Remote Sensing Center, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Resources Satellite Application Center, Satellite Ocean Application Center, China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Receiving Station and other institutions have been established, as well as satellite remote sensing application research institutions of relevant ministries and commissions in the State Council, some provinces and cities and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Using remote sensing satellites at home and abroad, these professional institutions have carried out applied research work in many aspects and fields, such as meteorological forecast, land survey, crop yield estimation, forest survey, disaster monitoring, environmental protection, ocean forecast, urban planning, map mapping and so on. In particular, the operational operation of the satellite meteorological ground application system has greatly improved the accuracy of disastrous weather forecasting and significantly reduced the economic losses of the country and people.
satellite communication
Since the mid-1980s, China has used domestic and foreign communication satellites to develop satellite communication technology to meet the growing needs of communication, broadcasting and education. In terms of satellite fixed communication services, there are several China space companies in China.
10 large and medium-sized satellite communication earth stations have more than 27,000 international satellite communication channels, connecting more than 180 countries and regions in the world. China has built a domestic public satellite communication network with more than 70,000 domestic satellite communication channels, which has initially solved the communication problems in remote areas. VSAT communication service has developed rapidly in recent years, and there is a VSAT communication service company in China-China Aerospace.
30, serving 15000 small station users, including more than 6300 two-way small station users; At the same time, more than 80 special communication networks and tens of thousands of very small aperture terminals have been established in dozens of departments such as finance, meteorology, transportation, petroleum, water conservancy, civil aviation, electric power, health and news. In terms of satellite TV broadcasting services, China has built a satellite TV broadcasting system covering the whole world and a satellite TV education system covering the whole country. China began to transmit radio and television programs by satellite from 1985. At present, a satellite transmission coverage network occupying 33 communication satellite transponders has been formed, which is responsible for transmitting 47 sets of central and local TV programs, educational TV programs, 32 sets of domestic and foreign radio programs and nearly 40 sets of local radio programs. More than 30 million people have received education and training in universities and technical secondary schools since satellite educational television broadcasting was launched more than ten years ago. In recent years, China has built a satellite live broadcast experimental platform, which has brought TV programs transmitted by central and local satellites to vast rural areas that are not covered by wireless radio and television through digital compression, greatly improving the coverage of radio and television in China. There are about1890,000 satellite TV broadcasting receiving stations in China. On the experimental platform of satellite live broadcast, the broadband multimedia transmission network of China Education Satellite was established, which provided comprehensive services of distance education and information technology for the whole country.
Satellite navigation and positioning
China began to use foreign navigation satellites to develop satellite navigation and positioning application technology in the early 1980s. At present, it has been widely used in geodesy, ship navigation, aircraft navigation, earthquake monitoring, geological disaster prevention and monitoring, forest fire prevention and extinguishing, urban traffic management and other industries. China joined COSPAS-SARSAT in 1992, and then established China Mission Control Center, which greatly improved the distress alarm service capabilities of ships, planes and vehicles.
Edit this paragraph of space science.
In the early 1960s, China began to use sounding rockets and balloons for China space flight.
Upper atmosphere detection. In the early 1970s, a series of space exploration and research were carried out by using the "Practice" series of scientific exploration and technical test satellites, and China Aerospace was acquired.
A lot of valuable environmental testing data. In recent years, space weather forecast research and corresponding international cooperation have been carried out. Since the end of 1980s, many space science experiments have been carried out with recoverable remote sensing satellites, and good results have been achieved in crystal and protein growth, cell culture, crop breeding and so on. China's space science has made some innovations in basic theoretical research. National laboratories with a certain level of openness have been established in space physics, microgravity science, space life science and other fields, and space payload application centers have been established, which have the basic ability to support space science experiments. In recent years, the charged particles and their effects in the near-earth space environment have been detected in detail by using the "Practice" series of scientific exploration and technical test satellites, and the two-layer fluid space experiment of microgravity fluid physics has been completed for the first time, realizing the remote operation of the space experiment.
Edit the brief history of this paragraph.
China launched its first artificial earth satellite 1970 on April 24th (see "Dongfanghong" 1), which is the fifth country in the world that can independently launch artificial satellites after the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan. By the end of 1984, * * had launched 16 artificial earth satellites. Development course 1956 the State Council Prime Minister Zhou Enlai presided over the formulation of China Scientific Development Plan 12, which listed jet propulsion and rocket technology as national key development projects. Under the leadership of Nie, Vice Premier of the State Council, China's first rocket and missile research institute, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, was established on June 8th. 1956. According to the new technology signed by the Sino-Soviet government 1957, China Aerospace.
Agreement, 1960 years ago, the Soviet Union provided assistance to China, set up research and test institutions for rockets and missiles, and copied Soviet-made missiles. After that, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense began to independently develop various types of missiles and rockets. 1958 In August, according to the proposal of President Mao Zedong in May of the same year, the the State Council Science Planning Commission included the launch of artificial satellites in its scientific development plan. China Academy of Sciences established "China Academy of Sciences 58 1 Group" and Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute to develop space physics of sounding rockets. Since then, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has established the Interstellar Navigation Committee to carry out space technology planning and academic activities, set about building a space environment simulation laboratory, and studied satellite tracking and measurement technology. 1965 1 the first session of the third national people's congress decided to set up the seventh Ministry of machinery industry of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the basis of the fifth research institute of the Ministry of national defense, to manage the research, design, trial production, production and capital construction of rockets and missiles in a unified way. 1In August, 965, the Central Committee of China approved China Aerospace on Developing China's Satellite Industry.
Planning Suggestions ",it is decided that China Academy of Sciences, the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry and Fourth Ministry of machinery industry will be responsible for developing the satellite body, launch vehicle and ground observation, tracking and remote control system of China Aerospace respectively.
Work. In 65438+February of the same year, China Academy of Sciences established the Satellite Design Institute, and began to design the scheme of China's first artificial earth satellite and develop various systems. 1968 On February 20th, China Academy of Space Technology was established, which unified the satellite research, design, trial production and test institutions scattered in various departments and accelerated the development of various artificial satellites. 1970 In May, China Academy of Space Technology was placed under the leadership of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1982 in may, the seventh Ministry of machinery industry was renamed the Ministry of aerospace industry. At the same time, the launch site of spacecraft, TT&C center of space, observation station and space station have been built and perfected one after another, forming a complete space engineering system. 1970 After successfully developing the first launch vehicle and launching the first artificial satellite, China began to launch small scientific satellites. 1975 Two kinds of high-thrust launch vehicles were successfully developed to launch recoverable remote sensing satellites (also known as scientific exploration and technical test satellites). 1981On September 20th, a rocket successfully launched three space physics exploration satellites. 1in April, 1984, China's first geostationary orbit experimental communication satellite was successfully launched. Sounding rocket and launch vehicle China successively launched three kinds of sounding rockets: ① single-stage liquid rocket with payload 10kg and flying height of 70km；; (2) Two-stage sounding rocket, the first stage is solid rocket, and the second stage is liquid China space flight.
Rocket, diameter 460mm, payload 60- 150kg, flying height 60-200km；; ③ A two-stage solid rocket with a total weight of 330 kg, a payload of 30 kg and a flying height of 70 km (see "Heping" sounding rocket and T-7 sounding rocket). China has successfully developed and used four kinds of launch vehicles by making full use of the research results and technical basis of ballistic missiles: ① Long March 1 three-stage rocket, the first and second stages using liquid rocket engines, and the third stage using solid rocket engines, which can send about 300 kilograms of artificial satellites into space near China.
Earth orbit; (2) Storm 1 two-stage liquid rocket can send about 1200 kg of artificial satellite into low earth orbit; (3) The Long March II two-stage liquid rocket can send about 2,000 kilograms of artificial satellites into low-earth orbit; ④ The Long March 3 three-stage liquid rocket is used to launch geostationary orbit satellites or large spacecraft in near-earth orbit (see Long March launch vehicle). China has successfully developed and launched three types of artificial satellites: scientific and technological experimental satellites, recoverable remote sensing satellites and communication satellites. 16 was launched one after another. Launching Equipment and Ground Measurement and Control Equipment China Spacecraft Launch Site has launching facilities for launching different types of satellites, and is equipped with tracking and measuring equipment such as optical measurement, telemetry and radar. The control center and several ground stations of the satellite ground observation network are equipped with computers developed by China, as well as telemetry, remote control, tracking, data transmission and communication equipment. The ocean-going tracking and measuring ship is equipped with equipment for orbit measurement and speed measurement of geostationary satellites entering orbit. The development of space technology in China provides space science research for China.
Advanced technical means have obtained valuable data in the detection of cosmic rays, geomagnetic field, ionosphere, atmospheric density, solar X-rays, particle radiation and infrared radiation. The satellites launched by China provide valuable information for land resources survey, geological and hydrological survey, mineral exploration, earthquake prediction, forestry monitoring, railway and port construction, environmental monitoring, land and marine regional mapping, etc. 1the experimental communication satellite launched in April 1984 and put into geostationary orbit has been used for communication, broadcasting and television transmission, which has played a role in improving the communication situation in remote areas of China. China Satellite Communication Earth Station has successively cooperated with France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, and conducted communication experiments with Symphony and Sirius satellites. The satellite cloud image receiving equipment developed by China received the meteorological cloud images broadcast by American and Japanese meteorological satellites, which provided data for improving meteorological forecast and conducting atmospheric scientific research. In addition, some independent aerospace technologies have been gradually applied to other industrial sectors. In the near future, China's space technology will focus on the development and application of satellites, from the experimental stage to the practical and commercial stage.
Edit the meaning of this paragraph.
The Significance of China's Development of Manned Space Flight (2003- 10- 15) Since the Soviet Union brought mankind into the space age in 1957, in the following 40 years, people witnessed that Gagarin, an astronaut of the former Soviet Union, realized human's dream of space for the first time, and Apollo of the United States planned to visit the Moon Palace six times, and human flew for thousands of years again and again. Manned space technology has expanded our activity space from land and sea to outer space, and we can finally see with our own eyes what a beautiful blue gem the earth is, pregnant with human beings. The achievements and glories of one item once made us have too much excitement and longing, and what kind of pain and sadness we suffered from repeated failures and sacrifices. The high price makes people fully realize the arduousness, complexity and adventure of manned space flight, but our yearning and persistence in space makes us never stop marching into the universe, because the development of manned space flight is of great significance to the country, the nation and even all mankind. China is also willing to contribute to the same theme of mankind. Generally speaking, the significance of developing manned space flight in China is as follows: 1. Manned space flight is one of the most complicated systems engineering in human history, and its development depends on the development of the whole scientific and technological level. At the same time, it also affects the development of the whole field of modern science and technology, and puts forward new development requirements for all fields of modern science and technology, thus promoting and promoting the development of the whole science and technology. The development of a country's manned space technology can reflect the country's overall scientific and technological and high-tech industrial level, such as system engineering, automatic control technology, computer system, propulsion capability, environmental control and life support technology, communication, remote sensing and testing technology. It can also reflect the development level of modern mechanics, astronomy, earth science and space science in this country. Without the research and development of aerospace medical engineering, it is impossible to send people into space and live and work safely, healthily and effectively. The famous "Apollo" program in the United States was implemented from 196 1 to 1972, and it cost 24 billion dollars to complete six missions to the moon, sending 12 people to the moon and returning to the ground safely. It not only achieved the political goal of the United States to catch up with the Soviet Union, but also promoted the development of American science and technology, especially propulsion, guidance, structural materials, electronics and management science. Today, with China's comprehensive national strength increasing, the development of manned space flight can greatly realize the leap-forward development of China's scientific and technological strength. 2. The development of manned space flight is the direct embodiment of the comprehensive national strength of all countries today. All developed countries regard enhancing comprehensive national strength as the primary goal of their development strategy, and its core is to develop high technology, with manned space technology as one of its main contents. If a country can send its astronauts into space, it can not only reflect the national strength, but also greatly increase the pride of the former people, improve the national spirit and enhance cohesion. In particular, once the current "shenzhou spaceship" project is successful, it will attract the attention of the whole world like the "two bombs and one satellite" project in the 1960s, and enhance China's international status. Undoubtedly, the development and utilization of space resources will become more and more important in the future when the earth's resources are exhausted. Manned space technology obviously plays an important role in it. Now we know that the vast space is a huge treasure house with abundant resources, and manned space flight is the bridge to this treasure house. The "space factory" can be almost like magic. Under the conditions of microgravity, vacuum and no convection, it is conceivable that if the first three industrial revolutions have brought great wealth to mankind, the "new industrial revolution" triggered by space technology will eventually change the existing model of the whole human society, and the word "space manufacturing" will flood every corner of the whole market. If China wants to occupy a place in the future market, it cannot do without manned space technology, which is the basis of developing space resources. In addition to the above points, the development of manned space flight will mark the beginning of a new stage of human development. Scenes that can only be seen in science fiction movies before will be realized step by step in our real life. It will no longer be impossible for human beings to move to other planets to live and live, and it is entirely possible to develop better living space to solve the present situation of increasingly crowded living space, especially for China. By then, mankind will face more new tests and choices. Experts pointed out that manned space flight can greatly enhance China's international prestige. According to international online reports, Mr. Pang Zhihao, a researcher at China Academy of Space Technology, said in an interview that once China's manned space flight is successful, it will mean a breakthrough in China's space technology, which will greatly enhance China's comprehensive national strength and international prestige. "If space technology is the crown in the hall of science, then manned space flight is the biggest and brightest jewel in this crown." Pang Zhihao believes that the level and achievements of space technology reflect the comprehensive strength of a country's economy and science and technology. Manned space flight is the development of space technology to a higher stage, and the development of manned space flight needs more advanced technical level, developed industrial base and strong economic strength. According to reports, after more than 40 years of independent research and development, China's space science and technology has made remarkable achievements, ranking among the world's advanced in many important technical fields such as satellite recovery, multi-satellite with one arrow, low-temperature fuel rocket technology, bundled rocket technology and geostationary orbit satellite launch and measurement and control; Great achievements have been made in the development and application of remote sensing satellites, communication satellites, manned spacecraft experiments and space microgravity experiments. However, the report pointed out that due to its relatively weak economic and industrial base, many aerospace high-tech products in China could not be compared with those in the United States and Russia. Especially compared with satellite technology and rocket technology, China's manned space technology is still relatively backward. Pang Zhihao pointed out that manned space technology has put forward new requirements for many fields of modern science and technology in China, which will greatly promote the development of communications, remote sensing, launch vehicles and computers, thus enhancing China's competitiveness in the commercial satellite launch market; At the same time, accelerate the processing and manufacturing of new biomaterials and promote cancer treatment and agricultural science and technology research. In the long run, the earth is facing the problems of resources and population, and it is an inevitable trend to establish a space station to develop space resources. According to the report, according to China's space development plan, China has set the establishment of a space station and lunar exploration as the development goals of the space industry in the next few years.
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