Insect classification, economic insects, medical insects, medical insects. . .

Economic insect special economic animal and plant 200 13

Technical points of partial double production

Li Yijia (toffee, editorial department of Anhui Forestry, 2300000 1)

Galla Chinensis is parasitic on l4 species of Lycopodiaceae.

Galla Chinensis, rich in gallnut tannin, is a specialty of China. important

Our chemical raw materials are exported to 24 countries, including Japan, the United States and Western Europe.

Galla chinensis L4 species has high yield and good quality, but polyploid species has high yield.

Low quality. The corn yield of this subclass reaches 75% of the total output.

The production of gallnut must have three elements: aphid, summer host and winter host.

And suitable climate, soil and other environmental conditions. Among them, the suitable climate

Is the premise; Good growth, structural mechanism, suitable for parasitism and double wintering,

Summer parasitism is the foundation; A large number of excellent aphids are the key.

1 forest land selection

Most of the producing areas are in mountainous areas with poor traffic.

The mountains and valleys are criss-crossed, highly cut, and the surface rocks are exposed, with an score of eight.

In a wet land, yin and yang are divided. Choose a cave with shady and semi-shady slopes.

Or beside a stream, which is the best environment without concentration and continuity,

Forests, tea and mulberry trees compete for land. It is best to have a history of natural reproduction, and there are a certain number at present.

It is parasitic in winter and summer. This woodland can be put into production with a little modification.

2 Configuration of parasitic plants

In summer, the host Rhus chinensis was parasitized by Aphis cerasus, forming a re-field.

There should be 2000 ~ 2300 plants on the ground and woodland, evenly distributed. Chop them up.

High-level Da Qiao technology, keeping some small evergreen trees and shrubs in the lower level,

Make the forest canopy density reach about 0.8. When the quantity of Rhus chinensis is insufficient, dig.

Wild seedlings are replanted or cut to grow 20-25 cm, which is used for cutting afforestation.

Moss is the food condition and habitat for aphids to overwinter.

Therefore, the super-growth stage of the horned aphid is in winter for a long time.

How much does the mainframe cost in winter?

Quantity is very important, but the most important thing is the length of winter host.

Environment and location. The growing environment is not conducive to overwintering hosts.

Winter hosts grow far away from summer hosts, and these winter hosts are twice as many.

There is not much benefit in forest knot, only aphids move independently.

The overwintering host that is accessible and suitable for aphids overwintering is effective.

It is advisable to distribute 30 ~ 50 mosses on average per mu of forest.

Excellent overwintering hosts such as aphids and sidediptera. These mosses usually

l6

Cunninghamia lanceolata is distributed by streams, with high canopy density, which is relatively humid in foreign pine forests.

Area, can be transplanted into the forest. When planting moss, the woodland should be the first carved from the roots.

Weeds and slightly loosen the soil, tear the collected moss layer into a fish net and lay it flat.

Soil surface, or cut moss into 0.5~lcm branches and spread them evenly on the soil surface.

On the surface, lightly press bryophytes to contact the soil, and then spray water 1 time to plant bryophytes.

Generally, it will be put into production next autumn. Humidity, moisture and light should be considered when planting moss.

According to the conditions, the upper vegetation should be selected for the rainy and humid double forest.

Too dense, strong scattered light or short-term direct light in the morning and evening, no water or ground.

Moss is planted on slopes where water does not often flow; Rain steps and low humidity forests, then

Should choose the upper vegetation cover, no direct sunlight, no culvert water.

Plant in a place where the water source is well protected.

3 stable production experience

After transformation, there are more hosts in winter and summer, and the environmental conditions are relatively low.

Conducive to the reproduction of aphids. These are just the basis of polyploidy. Can there be more?

Ploidy depends on the number of ploidy aphids, which should be supplemented when the number of ploidy aphids is insufficient.

Quantitative method: (1) Artificial release of autumn migratory aphids. When the ploidy is mature, use

Because of the phototaxis of autumn aphids, one side of aphids is transparent and the other side is blocked.

Collect autumn aphids in shelves or boxes, so the pots and plates are flat.

Store in a container (covered with kraft paper or newspaper) for 1 day. On a cloudy day or

When the light is weak in sunny afternoon (dusk), use feathers to pick insects and spread them evenly.

Moss surface. (2) Picking times and seed retention. Don't choose gentle time. Once selected,

Times, not only seriously affect the current year's output, but also the annual output will be greatly reduced.

The suitable time for ploidy production and harvest should be about 5% ploidy outbreak in ploidy forest.

At the same time, it takes time to plant seeds and take care of long-term interests. Number of times of sowing once

Must be sufficient, generally 2 ~ 5 capsules per plant. Trees are big but few. Every plant.

Stay more, the tree is small and stay less. The seeds are left twice, and the maturity is different.

There is a certain proportion of ploidy, so the aphid first explodes and then moves in autumn.

In the long run, it is beneficial to the migration of autumn aphids and the production of overwintering young aphids

Under climatic conditions, autumn migratory aphids will fly to the wintering host to give birth to young aphids.

What is the weather like during the migration of aphids in autumn? It can ensure the overwintering host.

There are a certain number of overwintering young aphids in the world, which burst and migrate in autumn.

After finishing, it can be processed and sold many times, and the weight is only reduced by about 20%.

Weipu information

medical insects

Medical insects refer to insects that disturb human peace and suck diseases and pathogens, including mosquitoes, flies, midges, midges, fleas, bedbugs, cockroaches, spiders, chigger mites, gamasid mites, locusts, centipedes, Ma Lu, crabs, Daphnia and demodex. They can spread all kinds of pathogens, including protozoa, worms, spirochetes, rickettsia, bacteria, viruses and so on, through blood sucking, stinging and mechanical carrying. Some are directly parasitic and pathogenic. Some cause allergic diseases, and some insects can leave pathogens in their bodies for a long time, and even transmit pathogens to their offspring through eggs, which not only acts as a medium, but also acts as a host.

Pathogenicity of medical insects

Diseases spread by various medical insects and arthropods are also different, and they are regional and seasonal. Because the conditions in different countries in the world are very different, the species of insects are very different, and the evolution speed is also different. The migration and transportation of medical insects from Asia to America immediately caused disasters and destroyed the local ecological balance. For example, Aedes albopictus in Japan was transported to the United States, which immediately caused mass reproduction and great respect. They violently attack people and spread dengue fever. So far, the US government has not been able to eradicate Aedes albopictus. Anopheles gambiae was brought to America by means of transportation, and soon malaria broke out in Central and South America, causing great losses to American countries. Aedes aegypti was introduced to America around17th century, and then it raged in Central and South America for hundreds of years, and yellow fever broke out, with far more deaths than war. The plague caused great harm and consequences in China and the world. In the 1930s, the Japanese army released Yersinia pestis in the northeast, which triggered an outbreak of plague, and the death toll was too high to burn. Fleas play an important role in spreading diseases.

Serious infectious diseases and emerging epidemics in the world are still very active. The three quarantine infectious diseases stipulated by WHO are plague, yellow fever and cholera. Monitor more than a dozen infectious diseases such as malaria, cocoon fever, hepatitis, Japanese encephalitis and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. In recent years, AIDS, Ebola, Hantan disease and other diseases have caused serious consequences.

Article source: Taiming PCO

A brief history of medical entomology

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The term medical entomology began at 1909 and was founded by American scholar W.B. Hermes. It belongs to a branch of entomology and mainly studies insects with medical and public health importance. Because of its close relationship with human parasites and many pathogenic microorganisms, medical entomology is actually a comprehensive science integrating entomology, parasitology, microbiology, biology, public health and epidemiology. Tracing back to history, the development of medical entomology has reversed the fate of human society several times and saved mankind from catastrophe. Looking back on the sweat and sweat of the development process, the spirit of struggle of our predecessors should arouse our mind of connecting the past with the future.

The influence of insects on early humans

/kloc-Before the 6th century, people knew nothing about the relationship between insects and diseases. Although there is a saying in Exodus of the Old Testament that insects compete with people for land, it is only a mythical record. For a long time, human beings have been facing waves of diseases and plagues. Although they try their best to avoid them, they only passively seek illusory supernatural forces, and even helplessly regard them as doom and accept the elimination power of nature with sadness.

Early human life was mainly nomadic, living on aquatic plants. Once settled on the land, the population will gradually multiply into a social prototype, and hunger and disease will follow one after another at this time, forming a challenge for human survival, forcing human beings to give up living on the land and continue nomadic life.

Gradually, human beings seem to have some understanding of some mysterious behaviors that insects threaten the stability of human society, but they are only superficial and far from deep. Therefore, the religious spirit is still the main basis for the rampant epidemic of diseases. Babylonians once worshipped a winged fly and regarded it as the god of epidemics; Canaanites once worshipped a flying insect as the highest god; Early Egyptians regarded dung beetles as a god of worship. All these show the awe attitude of human beings towards insects and the helplessness of threatening insects at that time. However, from another perspective, it is an opportunity for medical entomology to emerge.

In the 6th century BC, in densely populated areas near the Mediterranean, there were two kinds of diseases spread by insects: malaria and plague. The occurrence of malaria is related to mosquitoes, and the formation of human society mostly begins at the estuary along the river, which happens to be a good habitat for humans and mosquitoes, so the occurrence of malaria is inevitable. Plague is mostly caused by rats and fleas brought into grain by ships. At that time, people could not understand the origin of these diseases. Faced with the raging epidemic, they had to flee the epidemic area one by one and return to their hometown until the epidemic disappeared. Since then, a complex and long war between insects, diseases and human beings has begun.

In the biological control of agricultural and forestry pests, people are used to calling animals and plants that maintain their own growth and development at the expense of other animals and plants as natural enemies. The so-called natural enemy insects are insect species that feed on other insects.

According to the feeding characteristics of natural enemy insects, they can be divided into predatory natural enemy insects and parasitic natural enemy insects. Predatory natural enemy insects are generally larger than their host prey. They capture and devour their bodies or suck their body fluids. Predatory natural enemy insects prey on many hosts in the development process. Usually, a predatory natural enemy insect is carnivorous in its larval and adult stages, lives independently and freely, and feeds on the same host, such as mantis of Mantidae and most species of Coleoptera. Almost all parasitic natural enemy insects are parasitic on their larvae, and the larvae can't live independently without the host and develop in or on the body surface of a single host. With the development of parasitic natural enemy insect larvae, the host slowly dies and disappears. However, most adults of parasitic natural enemies live freely and feed on nectar and honey dew, such as parasitic bees of Hymenoptera and parasitic flies of Diptera.

According to the feeding characteristics of natural enemy insects, they can be divided into monogamous natural enemy insects and omnivorous natural enemy insects, and oligotrophic natural enemy insects are in between. Monophagous natural enemy insects are natural enemy species that only feed on one host insect and complete the whole process of its growth and development, such as ladybug in predatory insects and small narrow-diameter cocoon bee in parasitic natural enemies, the latter only parasitizes larch sheath moth. Omnivorous natural enemy insects refer to species that can complete their growth and development process by taking a variety of insects as hosts, such as predatory insect mantis, parasitic Trichogramma Hunchun of stinkbug family of Hemiptera, etc.