What are the characteristics of Catharanthus roseus?

Catharanthus roseus is a perennial herb of Apocynaceae. Distributed in Southeast Europe, Central Europe and Central Asia. 1978 was introduced from yugoslavia. It has been successfully introduced in Beijing, Wenzhou, Zhejiang and Weifang, Shandong. Use whole grass as medicine. The whole plant mainly contains vinblastine, with the content of 0.3-0.7% in leaves and 0.2-0.4% in stems, and also contains vinblastine. Vinblastine can improve cerebral oxygen supply and cerebral vasodilation. It can be used for treating various symptoms caused by cerebrovascular diseases, such as hemiplegia, aphasia and senile brain degeneration.

I. Morphological characteristics

The stem is 60-90 cm long and the whole plant is hairless. Stems and vines are slender, creeping, and stems in contact with soil produce adventitious roots. Annual seedlings have 30-60 stems, and biennial seedlings have more than 100 branches. Leaves opposite, oblong to ovoid. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, calyx 5-lobed, narrowly lanceolate; Corolla blue-purple, closed funnel-shaped, dense white hair in the upper part of the tube, corolla throat with scaly appendages; Stamens 5, inserted in the middle of corolla tube; Filaments included, flat, anthers oblong and 2-loculed; The disk consists of two tongues, which alternate with carpels. Ovary superior, style 1, stigma hairy. The fruit of Abelmoschus manihot with dark brown seeds (figure 16-3).

Figure 16-3 Morphological diagram of Catharanthus roseus

1 .flowers 2. Stamens 3. pistil

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions

1. Requirements for temperature

Catharanthus roseus likes warm climate. The climate in spring and autumn is cool, with an average temperature of 16-26℃, which is most suitable for plant growth. Spring in Beijing is from April to mid-June, and autumn is from August to September. Wenzhou, Zhejiang has the fastest growth in March-May in spring and September 9- 10/October in autumn. The summer climate is hot, reaching above 27℃ on average, and the growth is slow or even stopped. Catharanthus roseus likes to bloom in early spring with cool climate, and it blooms in the north after turning green in March-April, which is the full flowering period. The fruit ripens in June-July, and blooms in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province from 65438+February to 65438+1October in the following year, with a small amount of flowers at other times.

It is not cold-tolerant. When the average temperature in June 5438+ 10 reaches below -4-3℃, it is necessary to cover the winter. It's warmer in the south, so you can overwinter in the open field, and it won't freeze in a short time at -2.5℃.

2. Humidity requirements

I like the humid climate, but it is easy to get sick when the humidity is too high, especially in summer when it is hot, humid and rainy. Plants are easy to get infected with black shank disease, and even the whole plant dies in severe cases.

During cutting propagation and transplanting, it is necessary to have enough water to survive easily, and drought and water shortage will affect survival and growth during this period.

3. Requirements for light

Catharanthus roseus is native to Europe near the tree-lined area along the Mediterranean coast. Therefore, too strong sunlight will inhibit its growth, especially the strong light and high temperature weather in summer are not conducive to its growth, and too cool is not conducive to its growth. The temperature is low in spring and autumn, and sufficient sunshine can promote growth.

4. Soil fertilizer requirements

Like sandy loam with loose soil and good drainage, the soil can grow at pH 5.5-7.5, but pH 5.5-6 is more conducive to its growth.

More nitrogen and potassium are needed. Adding nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to the growth of upper leaves and can greatly increase the yield, while ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is more beneficial to the growth than nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. According to the results of sand culture test, it is considered that using nitrate nitrogen as nitrogen source alone will inhibit the growth of plants. The application of ammonium sulfate can enhance the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by roots and promote the rapid growth of plants.

(2) accumulation of effective components

The content of vinblastine in leaves is higher than that in stems, but the content of young leaves is 1-2 times that of old leaves. According to the analysis of 1980, the content of biennial young leaves is 0.89%, and that of old leaves is 0.25%. Three more batches were analyzed from the end of June to the middle of June. From 8: 00 to 16, the content changes every two hours, and the results show that the content changes little.

Third, cultivation techniques.

Land selection and land preparation

Choose loose and fertile sandy loam. When preparing soil, 3000-4000 kilograms of manure and 25-40 kilograms of calcium superphosphate are applied per mu. Spread evenly and dig deeply, rake evenly and finely. Make a flat border with a width of 150-200 cm (use a high border in the south).

(2) Breeding methods

Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction can be done. The seeds of Catharanthus roseus are difficult to collect. Because the pods will naturally crack and the seeds will pop out when the fruit is ripe, it is not easy to collect seeds. Therefore, asexual propagation is often used, that is, rooting and cutting propagation.

1.

Branches with roots can be directly dug out and transplanted into the ground during the growing season. Spring is suitable, so is autumn. Summer is hot and humid, the survival rate of transplanting is low, the growth is slow, and it is easy to get sick.

Step 2 cut

Cuttings should choose old branches with strong growth and no pests and diseases. Cut into10-15cm long branchlets, each with 3-4 nodes.

The cutting substrate can be vermiculite, perlite, mixture of vermiculite and perlite, sand or common soil. Catharanthus roseus cuttings are easy to take root, and the survival rate is as high as 100%. When soil is used as cutting substrate, the survival rate can reach about 90%. Vermiculite and perlite are used as substrates, which have fast rooting, developed root system and high survival rate.

Cutting can be carried out all year round, among which cutting in spring has the highest survival rate and fast rooting, and can be harvested in the year of transplanting. Film seedlings can be used in early spring and transplanted early, and the effect is better.

Insert the cuttings obliquely into the seedbed for about 2 nodes, and at least 1 node is buried in the substrate, so that the adventitious roots grow at the nodes and 1-2 nodes are exposed. Under the condition of 14- 18℃, it can take root in 6 days, and can be planted in the field after 1 month.

(3) transplantation

The transplanting period is better in spring and autumn, March-April in spring, early in south, late in north, August-September in autumn, late in south and early in north. The row spacing is 50×30cm.

(4) Site management

1. water

Water the seedlings 2-3 times after transplanting. After the seedlings survive, it depends on the wet and dry conditions of the soil and the weather. Water them more in case of drought. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season to avoid water accumulation. It is not advisable to water two weeks before harvesting.

2. Loosening and weeding

After each watering, the topsoil should be loosened in time when it is slightly dry. Plants grow slowly and weeds grow fast at seedling stage, so weeding must be done frequently. Do it when there is grass, and combine it with scarification. There are few weeds after the embankment is sealed, and a small amount of weeds can be removed.

3. Top dressing

The weather is cold in spring and autumn, and Catharanthus roseus grows rapidly, so topdressing should be done in time to meet the needs of rapid growth. Generally, it should be applied for the first time after transplanting or during the greening period of two years, and for the second time from late July to late August. Apply10-15 kg ammonium sulfate or100-10-15 kg human excrement and urine once per mu, furrow, cover soil and water.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Black shank disease

Infected by Rhizopus sp. Stems, roots and leaves can be damaged, and the damaged parts turn black. The stem base was damaged, the plant quickly lost water, and the whole plant withered and died. The incidence of high temperature and high humidity is high in July and August, and the two-year-old seedlings are easy to get sick when they encounter low temperature and high humidity after turning green. Prevention and treatment methods: At the initial stage of the disease, irrigate the roots with 400 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate; Clean up the garden and dispose of the remains; Pay attention to drainage, ventilation and light transmission in rainy season.

2. Root-knot nematode disease

(Meloidogyne incognita)

Pathogenic nematodes invaded from the tender root tips, and the damaged root tissues proliferated, forming nodules of different sizes, with short side branches clustered on the root nodes, and the whole root system was short and unkempt. Control methods, rotation, rotation with Gramineae crops or aquatic crops is appropriate.

3. Myzus persicae

Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

If aphids harm shoots, leaves, flowers and young fruits. It is forbidden to spray 40% omethoate 1000 times or 50% marathon EC 1500 times 20 days before harvesting.

4. Soft brown scales

(orange peel cocci)

Damage to wilting, leaves and growth period will occur. The control method refers to the control of scale insects in Luofumu, India, or when transplanting, apply 3% carbofuran granules 1.5kg/ mu in furrow.

(6) Overwintering

Beijing can't spend the winter in the wild because of its cold winter and low temperature. 1early October110 cm The bottom border should be covered with straw 5- 165438, and the soil should be pressed on it to protect the winter. The temperature in the south is high, so you can overwinter naturally in the open air.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Annual plants can be harvested once a year, from late June 65438+/kloc-0 to June165438+ 10. Biennial plants can harvest twice a year, the first time from May to June and the second time from the end of 10 to the end of 1 10. When harvesting, choose sunny days, hoe off the adventitious roots of stems and vines crawling on the ground, then cut off the whole grass, leaving about 5cm of stubble for regeneration. The whole grass is dried in the sun, and it can be 80-90℃ in rainy days. Dry, bag and store in a dry and ventilated place to avoid moisture.