What contribution did the chemical industry make in the 20th century?

Brilliant achievements of chemistry in the 20th century.

The increasing demand for materials and the rapid development of science and technology in the 20th century greatly promoted the development of chemistry itself. Chemistry has not only formed a complete theoretical system, but also created rich substances for human beings under the guidance of theory. /kloc-the leap from classical chemistry in the 0/9th century to modern chemistry in the 20th century is essentially from Dalton's atomism and Mendeleev's periodic table in the 0/9th century to the understanding and research of chemistry at the atomic level, and then to the molecular level in the 20th century. For example, the understanding of the nature of chemical bonds, strong and weak molecular interactions, molecular catalysis, the relationship between molecular structure and function, and the discovery and synthesis of more than190,000 compounds; The research on the relationship between structure and function of biomolecules has promoted the development of life science. On the other hand, chemical process industry and various fields related to chemistry, such as grain, energy, materials, medicine, transportation, national defense, food, clothing, housing and transportation, etc. Great changes have taken place in this 100 year. /kloc-the major breakthrough achievements in chemistry in the past 0/00 years can be known from the great contributions of previous Nobel Prize winners in chemistry.

Brief introduction of previous Nobel Prize in Chemistry

The nationality of the winners in the award-winning year and their award-winning achievements.

190 1J。 Van der Hof's Law of Chemical Kinetics and Osmotic Pressure in Dutch Solvents

1902E。 Fischer synthesis of sugars and purines in Germany

1903S。 Arrhenius Swedish ionization theory

1904W。 Ramsey discovered inert gas in Britain and determined its position in the periodic table of elements.

1905a。 Study on german organic dyes and hydrogenated aromatic compounds

1906H。 Mu Wasang prepared French elemental fluorine and invented high-temperature reflective electric furnace.

Biochemical study on 1907E German fermentation. Bishina

1908E。 Rutherford: the evolution of elements and the chemical study of radioactive materials in Britain

Study on catalysis, electrochemistry and reaction kinetics of 1909W. German ostwald.

19 10O。 Wallach's pioneering research on German alicyclic compounds

Polonium and radium discovered in Poland.

19 12V。 Griya

Page (abbreviation of page) Sabatier France

Grignard reagent discovered in France

Catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds

19 13A。 Werner's Coordination Theory of Swiss Metal Complexes

19 14. The atomic weights of many elements are accurately determined in the United States.

Study on chlorophyll and plant pigment in Germany.

19 16 None

19 17 None

19 18F。 Synthesis of Haber's German Ammonia

19 19 None

1920W。 Research on Nernst Thermochemistry in Germany

192 1F。 Soddy Study on the Origin and Properties of Radiochemistry and Isotopes in Britain.

1922F. W. Aston British mass spectrometer and the discovery of integer laws of many non-radioactive isotopes and atomic weights.

1923F。 Establishment of Austrian organic microanalysis method

1924 None

Study on colloid chemistry of 1925R Germany. Zsigmondy

1926T。 Svedberg Swiss invented the ultracentrifuge and applied it to the study of highly dispersed colloidal substances.

1927h。 Discovery of German Cholic Acid in Vilander and Determination of Its Structure

1928a。 Structural determination of French sterol in vitamin D3 synthesis.

1929A。 harden

H. Von Euler-Chelpin British Company

Study on French sugar fermentation and the role of enzymes in fermentation

1930h。 German Fischer studied the structure of heme and chlorophyll and synthesized heme.

193 1C。 Bosch

F. German Bergius

German chemical high pressure method

1932J。 Langmuir study of American surface chemistry

1933 none

1934H。 Heavy water and heavy hydrogen isotopes found in the United States

1935F。 Joliot-Curie

I. Joliot-Curie

France synthesizes new artificial radioactive elements.

1936P。 Debye of the Netherlands put forward the theory of polar molecules and determined the measurement method of molecular dipole moment.

1937W。 Haworth

Page (abbreviation of page) Karel, England

The cyclic structure of Swiss candy was found, and vitamins A, C and B 12, carotene and riboflavin were synthesized.

1938R。 Kuhn study on vitamins and carotenoids in Germany

1939

Length Ruzika, Germany

Swiss sex hormone research

Studies on Polymethylidene Polycarbon Macrocycles and Polyterpenes

1940 None

194 1 None

1942 None

1943G。 Hungary studies chemical reactions by isotope tracing.

1944O。 The Discovery of German Hahn in heavy nuclear fission

1945A。 J. Virtamen invented the method of feed storage and preservation in Holland, and made contributions to agricultural chemistry and nutritional chemistry.

1946J。 william graham sumner

J. Northrop

W.m. Stanley USA

United States of America

Crystallization-like method of enzyme discovered in America

Separate to obtain pure enzyme and virus protein.

Studies on bioactive components such as British alkaloids in 1947R. Robinson

1948A。 Tiselius electrophoresis and adsorption analysis in Sweden found serum protein.

1949 w.f. giauge Study on chemical thermodynamics in the United States, especially the properties of substances at ultra-low temperature.

1950O。 Dills

K. alder Germany

The Diels-Alder reaction was discovered in Germany.

19565438

G. Seeburg, USA

The United States discovered transuranic elements.

J.p. Martin Corp.

R. Singer Law Firm, UK

British partition chromatography analysis method

1953H。 Staudinger's outstanding contribution to German polymer chemistry.

1954L。 Pauling Research on the Nature of Chemical Bond and Complex Material Structure in America

1955V。 Du. Study on important sulfur-containing compounds in American biochemistry, synthesis of polypeptide hormones

1956C。 Hinchewood, England

Study on Chemical Reaction Mechanism and Chain Reaction in Soviet Union

1957A。 Research on Nucleotides and Nucleotide Coenzymes in Britain

1958F。 Sanger determined the structure of protein, especially the structure of insulin in Britain.

1959J。 Czech polarographic analysis invented by Herovsky

1960W invention. F libby American 14C dating method

196 1m photosynthesis in Calvin, USA

1962M。 F. Peroots

J.C. United Kingdom of Chendru

British Research on the Structure of protein

1963K。 Ziegler

G. Natta Germany

Invented Italian Ziegler-Natta catalyst to synthesize polymer with regular orientation.

1964D。 Determination of Hodgkin structure of important biological macromolecules in Britain

1965R。 B. Woodward synthesis of American natural organic compounds

1966R。 American molecular orbital theory

1967M。 name

R. Norrish

G. porter Germany

Britain, England

The rapid chemical reaction was studied by relaxation method and flash photolysis method in Britain.

Thermodynamic study of irreversible processes in the United States.

1969D

O. hassell British Company

Norway developed the concept of conformation analysis and its application in chemistry.

1970 L.F. Leroir Argentina discovered the role of sugar nucleotides from the biosynthesis of sugar.

197 1g Herzberg Canadian molecular spectrum and free radical electronic structure

Anfinsen1972 C.B.

South Moore

W.H. Stein USA

United States of America

Study on molecular structure and catalytic activity center of American ribonuclease

1973G。 wilkinson

E. fisher British company

German ferrocene structure research, developed organometallic chemistry and complex chemistry.

1974P。 J. Flory: Theoretical and Experimental Research on Physical Chemistry of Polymers in America

1975J。 Cornforth

Verb (abbreviation of verb) pre-recorded in Britain

Stereochemical study on Swiss enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Stereochemical study of organic molecules and reactions

1976 w.n. Lipscomb Jr. The research on the structure of organoboron compounds in the United States developed the molecular structure theory and organoboron chemistry.

1977I。 Prigogine, Belgium, studies the thermodynamics of non-equilibrium irreversible processes.

1978P。 Mitchell studied the transformation of bioenergy with the theory of chemical infiltration.

1979 brown

G. Wittig USA

Germany has developed organoboron and organophosphorus reagents and their applications in organic synthesis.

1980P。 iceberg

F. Sanger

W. Gilbert USA

Britain, England

The research on DNA division and recombination and DNA sequencing in the United States initiated modern genetic engineering.

198 1Kenich Fukui

R. Hoffman Japan

The United States put forward the frontier orbit theory.

The conservation of molecular orbital symmetry is proposed.

1982A。 British Klug invented the technology of "image recombination" and determined the chromosome structure by X-ray diffraction.

Study on electron transfer reaction mechanism of American metal complexes

1984R。 B. American solid-phase polypeptide synthesis method invented by Merifield.

1985H。 A. Hopterman

J. American Kale

The United States invented a direct calculation method to determine the crystal structure by X-ray diffraction.

1986 Li Yuanzhe

D. Herschbach

J. Polanyi USA

United States of America

Canada has developed cross molecular beam technology and infrared chemiluminescence method, which have made important contributions to the study of micro-reaction kinetics.

1987C。 J. Peterson

D.j. cram

J-M. Lehn USA

United States of America

France has initiated new fields such as host-guest chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and crown ether chemistry.

1988J。 Dysenhoeg

H. Michelle

R. German huber

Germany

German biological light energy and electron transfer research, photosynthetic reaction center research.

1989T。 Cech

South Altman USA

Discovery of ribozyme in the United States

1990E。 J. Corey American organic synthesis, especially inverse synthesis analysis, has been developed.

199 1R。 Swiss 2D NMR * * * vibration

1992R。 A. Marcus

American electron transfer reaction theory

1993M。 Smith (last name)

K.B. Muhlis, Canada

Site-directed mutation of American oligonucleotides

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology

1994G。 American carbocation chemistry

1995M。 Molina

Nanluolan

Page (abbreviation of page) crutzen, Mexico

United States of America

The Netherlands studies atmospheric environmental chemistry and has made important contributions to the study of ozone formation and decomposition.

1996R。 curl

R. Smali

H. W. Kroto, USA

United States of America

C60 discovered in Britain

1997J。 Scu

Page (abbreviation of page) Boye

J. walker Denmark

United States of America

An enzyme to maintain the balance of intracellular sodium and potassium ions was discovered in Britain, and its mechanism was clarified.

The formation process of energy molecule adenosine triphosphate was discovered.

1998W。 Cohen

J. Pope developed the electron density functional theory in America.

The calculation method of quantum chemistry is developed.

1999A。 Study on ultrafast chemical reaction process and transition state by femtosecond technology in the United States

1) Major discoveries of radioactivity and uranium fission

A major breakthrough in energy utilization in the 20th century is the release and controllable utilization of nuclear energy. This field alone has produced six Nobel Prizes. First, from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, the Curies discovered polonium, which is 400 times more radioactive than uranium, and radium, which is more than 2 million times more radioactive than uranium. This arduous chemical research opened the door to atomic physics in the 20th century, so the Curies won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. 1906, Curie died in a car accident. Madame Curie continued to devote herself to the research and application of radium, determined the atomic weight of radium and established the radioactive standard of radium. At the same time, 20 grams of radium was prepared and kept as a standard in Paris International Metrology Center, and the use of radium in medical treatment was actively advocated, so that radiotherapy was widely used and benefited mankind. In recognition of Madame Curie's contribution in discovering polonium and radium, opening up new fields of radiochemistry and developing the application of radioactive elements, 19 1 1 awarded her the Nobel Prize in chemistry. At the beginning of the 20th century, Rutherford engaged in the study of the decay of elements and radioactive substances, put forward the nuclear structure model of atoms and the decay theory of radioactive elements, and studied artificial nuclear reactions, so he won the 65438-0908 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Madame Curie's daughter and son-in-law Joliot-Curie used polonium? Radioactive nuclei were discovered when boron, lutetium and magnesium were bombarded by rays. This is the first time that radioactive elements have been manufactured artificially. For this reason, Joliot-Curie and his wife won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry. On the basis of Joliot-Curie and his wife, Fermi bombarded various elements with Mann neutrons to get 60 new radioactive elements. It was found that after the neutrons bombarded the nucleus, they were captured by the nucleus and got a new nucleus. This new nucleus is unstable, and a neutron in the nucleus will be released once? Decay, resulting in an element with an increased atomic number of 1. The discovery of this principle and method made the study of artificial radioactive elements quickly become a hot spot at that time. Chemistry involves physics, and it is possible to add new elements to the periodic table by physical methods. Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0938 for this achievement. 1939, Hahn discovered the phenomenon of nuclear fission, which shocked the scientific community at that time and became the basis of atomic energy utilization. For this reason, Hahn won the 1944 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

1939, Ferrisch observed the huge energy accompanying the debris, and both Joliot-Curie and Fermi determined that neutrons were released when uranium fission, which made the chain reaction possible. At this point, the preliminary basic research on atomic energy release has been completed. The controllable chain reaction from the discovery of radioactivity to the discovery of artificial radioactivity to uranium fission is accompanied by the release of energy and neutrons, and even the discovery of nuclear fission. So 1942 successfully built the first atomic reactor under Fermi's leadership, and 1945 the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Japan. From the beginning to the middle of the 20th century, nuclear fission and the utilization of atomic energy were landmark breakthroughs in chemistry and physics.

(2) Chemical bonds and modern quantum chemistry theory

In terms of molecular structure and chemical bond theory, L. Pauling (1901-1994) has made the greatest contribution. He has been engaged in the research of X-ray crystal structure for a long time, seeking the internal structural information of molecules, applying quantum mechanics to molecular structure, extending valence theory to metals and intermetallic compounds, putting forward the concept and calculation method of electronegativity, and establishing valence bond theory and hybrid orbital theory. 1954 won the nobel prize in chemistry for its research on the nature of chemical bonds and its great contribution to the elucidation of material structure. After that, Morrison established the theory of linear combination of atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals by using the method of quantum mechanics, expounded the nature of valence bonds and electronic structures of molecules, and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry with 1966. In addition, in 1952, Kenichi Fukui put forward the frontier orbital theory for studying molecular dynamics chemical reactions. The conservation of molecular orbital symmetry was proposed by R.B.Woodward and R.Hoffman in 1965, which was used to explain and predict the difficulty of a series of reactions and the three-dimensional configuration of products. These theories are regarded as a milestone in the history of understanding the development of chemical reactions. For this reason, Kenichi Fukui and Hoffman won the 198 1 Nobel Prize in chemistry. From 65438 to 0998, Cohen won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing the electron density functional theory, and Popper won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing the calculation method of quantum chemistry.

The development of chemical bonds and quantum chemistry theory took half a century, which enabled chemists to understand the essence of molecules and the basic principles of their interactions from shallow to deep, and enabled people to enter the advanced field of molecular rational design and create new functional molecules, such as drug design and new material design, which was also a major breakthrough in chemistry in the 20th century.

(3) the development of synthetic chemistry

Creating new substances is the first task of chemists. Since 100, synthetic chemistry has developed rapidly, and many new technologies have been used to synthesize inorganic and organic compounds, such as ultra-low temperature synthesis, high temperature synthesis, high pressure synthesis, electrolytic synthesis, photo synthesis, acoustic synthesis, microwave synthesis, plasma synthesis, solid-state synthesis, bionic synthesis and so on. There are countless new reactions and new synthetic methods for discovery and creation. At present, almost all known natural compounds and unnatural compounds with specific functions that chemists are interested in can be obtained through chemical synthesis. Most of the more than 6.5438+0.9 million compounds possessed by human beings are synthesized by chemists, which almost created a new nature. Synthetic chemistry has made an extremely important contribution to meet the human demand for materials. Throughout the 20th century, the field of synthetic chemistry won 10 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

19 12 Grenard opened up a new field of organometallic reactions with various functional groups by inventing Grignard reagent, and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. 1928 Diels and Alder won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of diene synthesis. 1953 Ziegler and Natta discovered the directional polymerization of olefins catalyzed by organometallic and realized the atmospheric polymerization of ethylene, and won the 1963 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Synthesis of biomolecules has always been a research hotspot in organic synthetic chemistry. From the earliest steroid (A.Windaus, 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), ascorbic acid (W.N.Haworth, 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), alkaloid (R.Robinson, 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) to polypeptide (V. Du). By 1965, Woodward, a master of organic synthesis, had successively synthesized a series of complex organic compounds such as quVignnine, cholesterol, cortisone, chlorophyll and reserpine, and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. After winning the prize, he proposed the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry and synthesized vitamin B 12.

Vitamin B 12

In addition, Wilkinson and Fischer synthesized transition metallocene sandwich compounds, and determined this special structure, which played an important role in promoting the development of organometallic chemistry and coordination chemistry and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry from 65438 to 0973. 1979, Brown and Wittig won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing organoboron and Wittig reaction respectively. 1984 Merifield won the nobel prize in chemistry for inventing solid-phase peptide synthesis, which greatly promoted the methodology of organic synthesis and biochemistry. 1990, Corey summarized and put forward the "inverse synthesis analysis method" in the total synthesis of a large number of natural products, which greatly promoted the development of organic synthetic chemistry and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Modern synthetic chemistry has gone through nearly a hundred years of painstaking research, exploration and accumulation before it can synthesize such a complex molecule as anemone toxin (molecular formula: C 129H223N3O54, molecular weight: 2689Dalton, 64 asymmetric carbons and 7 intramolecular double bonds, with the number of isomers as high as 27 1).

Anemone toxin

(4) Polymer Science and Materials

One of the symbols of human civilization in the 20th century is the appearance of synthetic materials. The chemistry of three synthetic polymer materials, synthetic rubber, synthetic plastic and synthetic fiber, has made breakthrough achievements and is also the pride of the chemical industry. There have been three Nobel Prizes in chemistry in this field. H.Staudinger put forward the concept of polymer in 1920, founded the theory of polymer chain, and later established the quantitative relationship between polymer viscosity and molecular weight, for which he won the 1953 Nobel Prize in chemistry. In 1953, Ziegler successfully polymerized ethylene into polyethylene with (C2H5)3AlTiCl4 as catalyst at room temperature, thus discovering coordination polymerization. 1955 natta improves Ziegler catalyst to? -TiCl3 and alkyl aluminum system, the directional polymerization of propylene was realized, and isotactic polypropylene with high yield and crystallinity was obtained, which linked the synthesis method, polymer structure and properties and became a milestone in the development history of polymer chemistry. For this reason, Ziegler and Natta won the 1963 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 1974 Flory also won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his achievements in polymer properties.

(5) Chemical Kinetics and molecular reaction dynamics.

It is necessary to control the chemical reaction process by studying how the chemical reaction is carried out, revealing the process of the chemical reaction and studying the relationship between the structure of the substance and its reaction ability. He won three Nobel Prizes in chemistry in this field. Semenoff and Hinchewood won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their pioneering research on chemical reaction mechanism, reaction speed and chain reaction from 65438 to 0956. In addition, Egan put forward the method and technology to study the rapid chemical reaction of one thousandth of a second, and Porter and Norrish put forward and developed the flash photolysis technology to study the rapid chemical reaction of one billionth of a second, which made great contributions to the study of rapid reaction kinetics. The three of them won the 1967 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Molecular reaction dynamics, also known as state-state chemistry, studies the rate and mechanism of chemical reactions from the microscopic level, and deeply studies the structure and internal movement of atoms and molecules, as well as the interaction and collision process between molecules. Li Yuanzhe and Herschbach first invented the crossed molecular beam technology to obtain all kinds of state information, and made important contributions to the basic principles of chemical reactions by using the F+H2 reaction kinetics of this technology, which is called a milestone in the development of molecular reaction dynamics. For this reason, Li Yuanzhe, Herschbach and Polani won the 1986 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 1999 zeval won the nobel prize in chemistry for his achievements in studying transition states by femtosecond spectroscopy.

(6) Great contribution to modern life science and biotechnology.

It is an important research topic of contemporary natural science to study life phenomena and life processes and reveal the origin and essence of life. The rise of biochemistry in the 20th century injected new vitality into ancient biology, and people opened one channel after another to the mysteries of life at the molecular level. Biological macromolecules such as protein, nucleic acid and sugar, and biological micromolecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters and cytokines are the basic substances that constitute life. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the chemical structure and synthesis of small biological molecules (such as sugar, heme, chlorophyll, vitamins, etc.) have been studied. ) won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for many times, which is the first step for chemistry to March into life science. 1955 Vigneand won the nobel prize in chemistry for the first synthesis of the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. 1958 Sanger won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his contribution to determining the molecular structure of protein, especially bovine insulin. 1953, J.D.Watson and H.C.Crick put forward the model of DNA molecular double helix structure, which made epoch-making contributions to life science, laid the foundation for the development of molecular biology and bioengineering, and brought a profound revolution to the whole life science. Watson and Crick won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine. 1960, J.C.Kendrew and M.F.Perutz successfully determined the spatial structure of myoglobin of whale and hemoglobin of horse by X-ray diffraction, which revealed that there were different three-dimensional arrangements between the helical region and the non-helical region of protein peptide chain, and clarified the role of disulfide bonds in forming this three-dimensional arrangement. To this end, they obtained 65438. 1965 the success of China chemist's artificial synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin marks a big step forward in the process of revealing the mystery of human life. In addition, P.Berg, F.Sanger and W.Gilbert of 1980 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their outstanding contributions to DNA division and recombination, DNA sequencing and modern genetic engineering. 1982 A.Klug won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for inventing the "elephant recombination" technology and revealing the structure of virus and intracellular genetic material. 1984 r.b. Merifield won the nobel prize in chemistry for inventing the solid-state synthesis technology of peptides. 1989 T. Cech and S. Altman won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their discovery of ribozyme. /K·B·-0/993 M.Smith won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for inventing oligonucleotide site-directed mutation, and K.B.Mullis won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for inventing polymerase chain reaction technology of genetic engineering. 1997, J.Skou won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering the enzymes and related mechanisms that maintain the concentration balance of Na and K ions in cells, and P.Boyer and J.Walker won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for revealing the formation process of energy molecule ATP.

In the 20th century, the combination of chemistry and life sciences produced a series of new disciplines that studied life problems at the molecular level, such as biochemistry, molecular biology, chemical biology, bioorganic chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, bioanalytical chemistry and so on. In the field of studying life phenomena, chemistry not only provides technology and methods, but also provides theory.

(7) Contribution to human health

Using drugs to treat diseases is one of the important symbols of human civilization. At the beginning of the 20th century, due to the in-depth study of molecular structure and pharmacological action, medicinal chemistry developed rapidly and became an important field of chemistry. 1909, German chemist Eric synthesized a specific drug for treating syphilis. Since 1930s, chemists have created a series of sulfonamides based on dyes, which have controlled many bacterial infectious diseases, especially pneumonia, epidemic encephalitis, bacillary dysentery and other diseases that have long endangered human health and life. The invention of various antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol and cephalosporin has made great contributions to human health. According to incomplete statistics, in the 20th century, chemists obtained more than 20,000 kinds of clinically effective chemicals through synthesis, semi-synthesis or extraction from animals, plants and microorganisms, among which 1000 is commonly used, and this number is increasing rapidly.

(8) Contribution to the national economy and human daily life.

Chemistry is one of the most effective and practical subjects to improve human life. Chemical processing industry (including chemical industry, fine chemical industry, petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, daily chemical industry, rubber industry, paper industry, glass and building materials industry, iron and steel industry, textile industry, leather industry, catering industry, etc.). The technology of using chemical reactions and processes to make products occupies the largest share in developed countries. This figure exceeds 30% in the United States, and does not include the output value of related industries that use chemical products, such as electronics, automobiles and agriculture. Among the scientific and technical personnel engaged in research and development in developed countries, chemistry and chemical experts account for about half. 20% of the patented inventions in the world are related to chemistry.

Human clothing, food, shelter, transportation and use are all related to hundreds of chemical elements, thousands of compounds and countless preparations and materials controlled by chemistry. The house is made of cement, glass, paint and other chemicals, soap and toothpaste are daily chemicals, and clothes are made of synthetic fibers and colored with synthetic dyes. Drinking water must be chemically tested to ensure its quality, while food is made from grains produced by fertilizers and pesticides. Chemists also synthesize vitamins and drugs. Transportation is even more inseparable from chemistry. Metal parts and paints of vehicles are obviously chemicals. Interior decoration is usually a special plastic or leather product that has been chemically treated. Car tires are made of synthetic rubber. Fuel oil and lubricating oil are petrochemical products containing chemical additives. The battery is a chemical power source. The catalytic converter used to reduce the pollution of exhaust system is equipped with a catalyst composed of platinum, rhodium and other substances, which can convert nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust into low toxic substances. Aircraft need aluminum alloy with strong quality and light weight, as well as special plastics and special fuel. Books, periodicals and newspapers are printed with ink invented by chemists and paper produced by chemical methods. Photosensitive film is a plastic sheet coated with photochemical substances, which can be sensitized by light, so a specific chemical reaction will occur when exposed and developed with a developer. The picture tubes of color TV sets and computer monitors are made of glass and fluorescent materials, which can emit different colors of light when bombarded by electron beams. VCD discs are made of special information storage materials. Even running shoes, roller skates, sportswear, table tennis and badminton volleyball worn in sports activities are inseparable from modern synthetic materials and coatings.