Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - Knowledge points from "precipitation and precipitation distribution" to the end of the book in geography of the first grade.

Knowledge points from "precipitation and precipitation distribution" to the end of the book in geography of the first grade.

The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The oceans are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern hemispheres, but there is land around Antarctica.

2.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean and 29% is land.

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Four continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

6. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

7. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. See page 37 of the textbook for the schematic diagram of the six major plates.

9. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Three. Weather and climate (page 42)

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. See Figure 3.4 on page 45 of the textbook for wind direction and wind force.

3. Temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10.

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

4. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. ② From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. The world's "rainy pole"-begging for help; The world's "dry pole"-Atacama Desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

② See page 58 of the textbook for the world climate distribution map.

③ Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

④ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

⑤ The main factors that affect the climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.

6. The content of this part in the geographical map set.

Fourth, residents and settlements.

1. Population and race

The speed of population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

② Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

③ Population density indicates the degree of population density. Population density generally refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer.

Population (people) in a certain area

Population density (person/km2)

Area of this area (square kilometers)

(4) densely populated areas: coastal plain areas in the middle and low latitudes.

Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high plateaus and mountains.

⑤ Caucasians are mainly distributed in North Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, East Coast of South America and West Asia.

Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, northern North America and northwestern South America.

Black people are mainly distributed in southern Africa and northwest Oceania.

⑥ From the middle of16th century, European colonists began to capture African blacks and sell them to the United States as slaves to make up for the shortage of American labor.

2. World Language and Religion

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and English is the most widely used language in the world.

English: Distribution: China, Southeast Asia, etc.

L 1: Western Europe, North America, South Asia, etc.

Russian: Russia

French: France, central and southern Africa.

Spanish: Spain, many countries in Latin America.

Arabic: West Asia, North Africa

○2 Christianity, Buddhism and Islam are the three major religions in the world.

Distribution: China, Southeast Asia, etc.

Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world.

○4 Muslims are called Muslims. Islam is also called Islam or Puritanism in China.

○5 Christianity-church; Islam-mosque; Buddhism-temples.

3. Human settlement-settlement

Settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities.

Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements.

③ The residents in rural residential areas are mainly engaged in farming, grazing, fishing, logging and other production activities. Residents of urban settlements are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

④ At present, in some plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, settlements are densely distributed; In mountainous and desert areas, there are few or no settlements.

⑤ Two-story wooden buildings or bamboo buildings (high-legged houses or elevated houses) are common in tropical and rural settlements that are hot and rainy all the year round.

In tropical desert areas, local houses have the characteristics of thick walls and small windows.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) development and cooperation

1. At present, there are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are distributed on all continents except Antarctica.

2. In terms of land area, the largest is Russian, and China ranks third in the world.

In terms of population, China is the largest and India is the second in the world.

There are two main political systems in the world: capitalism and socialism.

4. Some colonies and territories that have not gained independence are called "regions". At present, there are more than 30 regions in the world.

National boundaries are mainly divided according to mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and longitude and latitude lines.

6. The territory, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

7. At present, there are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly in Europe, North America and Oceania. Japan in Asia is also a developed country.

8. At present, there are more than 150 developing countries in the world, most of which are newly independent countries after World War II, mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

9. Internationally, it is customary to refer to the political and economic discussions between developing countries and developed countries as "North-South dialogue"; The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

"South"-developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern part of the northern hemisphere.

"North"-developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, and a few are distributed in the southern hemisphere.

10. At present, the largest international organization in the world is the United Nations, which was formally established in 1945 and headquartered in new york, USA. Its basic purpose is to "promote national development and safeguard world peace". help me

1 130 Answer time: 2010-1-kloc-0/819: 35 | Let me comment.

Respondents seeking help from TA: Yand Yan | Secondary adoption rate: 8%

Professional field: not customized yet

Activities attended: activities that I have not attended for the time being.

The questioner's evaluation of the answer:

Thank you. The other one is also good, but not very detailed. Thank you all.

Other answers ***2

A summary of the basic knowledge of geography at the end of the first and seventh grades

1, the process of understanding the earth is from a round place to a sphere, and now the scientific understanding of the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator; The equatorial circumference is 40,000 kilometers and the average radius is about 637 1 km. According to the shape of the earth, people shrink it in a certain proportion. The model of the earth is called a globe. The arc connecting the north and south poles on the earth's surface is called meridian (also called meridian), and its length is equal, and each meridian only forms a half circle, indicating the north-south direction; The circle perpendicular to the meridian is called the weft, and each weft is a circle with different lengths, indicating the east-west direction. East longitude is represented by e, west longitude by w, south latitude by s and north latitude by n; What is the dividing line between the northern and southern latitudes and the northern and southern hemispheres? Latitude (equator), the dividing line between east and west longitude is 0? 、 180? Meridian (0? Meridian is also called prime meridian); The dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres is 20? W and 160? A warp roll consisting of e warps. The division of low, middle and high latitudes is: 30? 、60? Meridian; Tropic of Cancer Latitude: 23.5? s、23.5？ N, latitude of South Arctic Circle: 66.5? s、66.5？ N, latitude and longitude interweave to form a latitude and longitude network, which is used to determine the accurate position of any place on the earth's surface.

2. The continuous rotation of the earth around its axis is called the earth rotation. The direction is from west to east, and the time is one day, resulting in the phenomenon of alternating day and night. Seen from above the North Pole, the rotation direction of the earth is counterclockwise, while seen from above the South Pole, the rotation direction of the earth is clockwise; The constant movement of the earth around the sun is called the revolution of the earth. The direction is from west to east, and the time is one year, which causes the changes of the four seasons, the length of day and night, and the height angle of the sun. Five-zone division: People divide the earth's surface into tropical zone, north temperate zone, north frigid zone, south temperate zone and south frigid zone according to the amount of solar heat obtained from the earth's surface. Most of China is located in the north temperate zone, with obvious changes in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and a small part is in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

3.GPS is the abbreviation of global satellite positioning system, which can realize automatic positioning and navigation combined with electronic map. Satellite images are images formed by the information on the earth's surface detected by earth observation satellites.

4. Three elements of a map: direction, scale, legend and annotation. Three orientation methods: longitude and latitude network orientation method (longitude refers to north and south, latitude refers to east and west), orientation method (the direction indicated by the pointer is north), and general orientation method (upper north and lower south, left west and right east); Scale = distance on map/distance on site, usually expressed in the form of numbers, lines and words. The scale is large, the actual scope is small, and the geographical things displayed are more detailed; The scale is small, the actual scope is large, and the geographical things displayed are simple; Characters and numbers on the map are called notes, and symbols are called legends (remember the commonly used legend P27); Common map types include administrative division map, topographic map, traffic map and tourist map.

5, three points of land (29%), seven points of ocean (7 1%), land is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, seven continents (Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Oceania) and four oceans (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean) should remember the size and orientation. The dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Urals, ural river, the Caucasus and the Turkish Strait. The dividing line between Asia and North America is the Bering Strait; The dividing line between Asia and Africa is Suez Canal; The dividing line between North America and South America is the Panama Canal. Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span, the Arctic Ocean is the ocean with the longest longitude span, and the Atlantic Ocean is S-shaped. There is only the Indian Ocean in the Eastern Hemisphere.

6. The continent is a region composed of the mainland and its surrounding islands. The mainland is a vast land, the island is a small piece of land surrounded by the sea, the peninsula is a protruding part of the land extending to the ocean, and the strait is a narrow waterway connecting the two marine waters.

7. Absolute height (altitude): the vertical distance of a point on the earth's surface above sea level. Relative height is the vertical distance from one place to another on the earth's surface, and contour lines are lines connecting points with the same altitude on the map. Five basic forms of mountains: peak, ridge, valley, saddle and steep cliff (you will know different contours. ) between different contour lines, different colors can be painted to make a layered color topographic map. All kinds of ups and downs on the surface are collectively called topography. Five basic landforms on the earth's surface: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins. The same feature of the plain and plateau is that the ground undulation is small, but the difference is that the plain is low (below 200 meters), the plateau is high and the edge is steep. The same feature of mountains and hills is that the ground is rugged, but the difference is that the mountains are higher in altitude, the hills are lower in altitude and the slope is gentle. The characteristics of the basin are: high around and low in the middle. The largest basin in the world is Congo Basin in Africa. The largest plain is the Amazon Plain in South America. The highest plateau in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Asia. The largest plateau in the world is Brazil _ Plateau; The longest mountain range is the Andes in South America.

8. The change of the earth's crust and the fluctuation of sea level are the main causes of land and ocean changes. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

9. Plate tectonics divides the world into six plates: Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Antarctica plate, Indian Ocean plate and Pacific plate. Generally speaking, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, while the crustal movement at the edge of the plate is relatively active, which usually shows tension, subduction collision and fault dislocation. And it is easy to form volcanoes and earthquakes. There are two major volcanic seismic belts in the world, namely, the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.

10, rich in marine resources, is an effective way to solve a series of problems faced by human society at present, such as population expansion, bad environment and resource shortage. The ocean is called "natural fish storehouse", "blue oil field", "hometown of salt", "entertainment resort" and "treasure house of resources". However, at present, the marine environment is being destroyed by man-made, such as marine oil pollution, discharging waste into the sea, overfishing marine life and so on.

1 1, the weather is a short-term atmospheric condition in a place, which is changeable; Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which is relatively stable.

12, remember and identify different weather symbols and various weather vanes. (See Figure 4.3 on page 54 of the textbook for details. )

13. Variation and distribution of temperature: (1) Daily variation of temperature: In a day, the highest temperature appears around 14 in the afternoon; The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. (Daily temperature range can be calculated = maximum temperature-minimum temperature). Annual variation of temperature: in a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10; The highest in August and the lowest in February in the ocean; In the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, 1 month is the highest and July is the lowest; The highest in February and the lowest in August in the ocean; (You can calculate the temperature annual range = the highest monthly average temperature-the most Leng Yue average temperature).

(2) The law of world temperature distribution: ① The temperature at low latitudes is high and the temperature at high latitudes is low (the temperature decreases from low latitudes to the poles).

② In the same latitude zone, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; In winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high. ③ The land temperature between the Tropic of Cancer is the highest and the Antarctic is the lowest. ④ The temperature in mountainous areas decreases with the elevation. (For every increase of 100 m, the temperature will drop by about 0.6℃.)

14, the main precipitation form when it rains. The precipitation process includes four links: water vapor rising → cooling and condensation → cloud thickening → precipitation. The formation of precipitation must meet three conditions: air rising and cooling, water vapor condensation, condensation nuclei and cloud growth to the ground.

15, precipitation and its distribution. Learn to read the annual average precipitation distribution map of the world and tell the difference of precipitation distribution in the world.

① The annual precipitation gradually decreases from equator to poles. ② Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland. (3) In temperate regions, there is less precipitation on the mainland and more precipitation along the coast. ④ The area with the richest precipitation in the world is near the equator; The poorest is the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. ⑤ The place with the richest precipitation in the world is Kilapanche, India; The least place is the Atacama Desert in South America.

16, the main factors affecting climate: latitude position, land and sea position and topography. Different latitudes receive different solar heat, with low temperature at high latitudes and high temperature at high latitudes, with more precipitation in equatorial regions and less precipitation in polar regions. The land absorbs heat quickly and releases heat quickly, but the ocean is the opposite. There is more precipitation in the offshore and less precipitation in the inland. There is also less precipitation in the offshore areas where the sea breeze cannot blow. High altitude, low temperature, more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope.

17, world climate (see figure 4 of textbook 62.11)

I. Main climate types in the world

temperature band

Climate type

tropical zone

Rainforest climate, savanna climate, tropical desert climate, tropical monsoon climate.

Subtropical region

Mediterranean climate, subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate

temperate zone

Temperate maritime climate, temperate continental climate and temperate monsoon climate.

frigid zone

Cold climate (characteristics: cold and dry all year round)

special

Plateau climate and alpine climate (features: cold)

Second, the analysis and comparison of tropical climate

tropical weather

Main distribution area

Climatic characteristics

tropical rainforest climate

Near the equator

It is hot and rainy all year round.

Tropical savanna climate

Both sides of the rainforest

The annual high temperature is divided into dry season and rainy season.

Tropical monsoon climate

Southeast Asia and South Asia

High temperature throughout the year, a year is divided into rainy season and dry season.

tropical desert climate

Western and central parts of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer

High temperature and little rain all year round

subtropical climate

Main distribution area

Climatic characteristics

Subtropical monsoon climate

The east of Asia

It is hot and rainy in summer and low and rainy in winter. Rain and high temperature appear at the same time

mediterranean climate

On the west coast of the mainland at latitude 300-400, the Mediterranean coast is the most widely distributed.

Summer is hot and dry, and winter is mild and rainy. Rain and heat in different periods

Three. Distribution and characteristics of subtropical climate

4. Distribution and characteristics of temperate climate

temperate climate

Main distribution area

Climatic characteristics

Temperate maritime climate

The west coast of the continent between 400-600 latitude north and south is the widest in western Europe.

It is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the precipitation is even in each month.

Temperate continental climate

Mid-latitude inland areas, such as Eurasia and northern North America.

In winter, Leng Xia is hot and precipitation is scarce.

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

Mid-latitude region of East Asia

Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry.

Description: 1, roughly classified according to the highest temperature in Leng Yue-the highest temperature in Leng Yue is over 15℃, which is one of the four tropical climate types, the lowest temperature in Leng Yue is between 0℃ and 15℃, which is one of subtropical climate and temperate maritime climate, and the highest temperature in Leng Yue is between -65445. 2. The similarity of tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate is the same period of rain and heat. Requirements: 1, can use climate data to draw temperature curves and precipitation histograms, and can read maps to tell the laws of climate change. 2. Master the distribution of various climates.

18. At present, there are three kinds of international atmospheric environmental problems: greenhouse effect, ozone layer destruction and the harm of acid rain in Hull.

19, the world population is growing faster and faster, and population expansion is a major problem facing mankind at present. The index to measure the population growth rate is the natural population growth rate (natural population growth rate = birth rate-death rate). The higher the level of productivity, the faster the population growth. Population growth should be coordinated with resources and environment and adapt to social and economic development.

20. The world's population is unevenly distributed, and the most densely populated areas are mainly distributed in the plains near mid-latitudes, such as East and South Asia, Eastern Europe and America. The reason is that the climate in the mid-latitude region is mild and rainy, the plain is flat, the transportation is convenient, the industry and agriculture develop early and the economy is developed. Population density reflects the density of geographical distribution of population, and population/area refers to the number of people living within a square kilometer.

2 1. The three major races in the world are yellow, white and black. (See Figure 5.6 of Textbook 79 for distribution)

22. At present, the working languages determined by the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. English is the most widely used one. Chinese is the most widely used language. (See Textbook 8 1 Figure 5.8 for distribution)

23. The three major religions in the world: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. (See "Window of Knowledge" on page 82 of the textbook for details. )

24. Human settlements are called settlements, including villages and cities. Rural areas are places where residents mainly engage in various agricultural activities, including forest farms, pastures, fishing villages and other types; Cities are places where residents mainly engaged in non-agricultural production activities live in compact communities, and the population has reached a certain scale. Residential areas are closely related to the environment. In the middle and lower reaches of some rivers or coastal plain areas, industry and agriculture are developed and settlements are dense, while in mountainous and desert areas, there are few or no settlements.

25. The settlements listed in the World Heritage List are: Venice, Paris, Seine, Brasilia, Brazil and Yunnan, China.

Old Town of Lijiang, the ancient city of Pingyao in Shanxi, is an ancient village in southern Anhui-Xidi and Hongcun in yi county. (For residential houses with their own characteristics, see textbook 86 "Window of Knowledge")

26. According to the differences in the level of economic development of different countries, countries in the world are divided into developed countries and developing countries. Developed countries are mainly distributed in Oceania in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, such as the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern part of the northern hemisphere and most countries in the southern hemisphere, such as Asia, Africa and Latin America. China is the largest developing country in the world.

27. The United Nations is the largest and most influential global international organization in the world. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the most important global economic and trade organization, headquartered in Geneva, and its purpose is to promote the development of world economy and trade. On February 20th, China officially joined the organization.

Organization name

Headquarters location

Organization name

Headquarters location

Southeast Asia International Association

Jakarta India

International Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Vienna, Austria

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Brussels, Belgium

Asia-pacific economic cooperation

Singapore

European Union

Brussels, Belgium

the World Bank

Washington, USA

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

28、

Provided by experts: Respondents: Tan 15 | 2010-1-1817: 02.

There is one in the happy mid-term exam.

Respondent: bullish Y | level 3 | 2010-1-18 20: 59

Forward to:

Previous article:Why do you always snore? Chinese medicine helps you analyze these two major incentives.
Next article:Where can I travel in this weather?